积累:which

“which”是英语中高频使用的疑问词和关系代词,兼具疑问功能与连接功能,其用法需结合语境区分,。

一、which作为疑问词的用法

“which”作为疑问词时,核心功能是“在特定范围内选择”,可单独使用,也可搭配名词,用于疑问句(特殊疑问句、选择疑问句)中,询问“哪一个/哪些”。

1. 疑问代词:单独作主语、宾语或表语

此时“which”不接名词,指代前文提到的人或事物(范围明确),在句中承担句子成分。

作主语:询问“哪一个/哪些(人/事物)”,回答需指向具体范围中的对象。

例:There are two books on the desk. Which is yours?(桌子上有两本书,哪一本是你的?)

(句中“which”指代“two books”,作主语,回答需明确“the red one”或“the one with a blue cover”等具体对象)

作宾语:询问“选择哪一个/哪些”,可直接接在动词或介词后。

例1:You have three pens. Which do you want to use?(你有三支笔,你想用哪一支?)(“which”作动词“want”的宾语)

例2:We have three destinations: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Which are you interested in?(我们有三个目的地:北京、上海、广州,你对哪一个感兴趣?)(“which”作介词“in”的宾语)

作表语:用于“be动词”后,确认“是哪一个”。

例:A: Is this your bag? B: No. Which is mine then?(A:这是你的包吗?B:不是,那哪一个是我的?)(“which”作“is”的表语)

2. 疑问形容词:后接名词,作定语

此时“which”必须搭配名词(单数/复数均可),限定名词的范围,在句中作定语,询问“哪一个/哪些+名词”。

例1:There are five chairs here. Which chair is for me?(这里有五把椅子,哪一把是给我的?)(“which”修饰单数名词“chair”)

例2:You have many photos. Which photos were taken in Paris?(你有很多照片,哪些是在巴黎拍的?)(“which”修饰复数名词“photos”)

例3:Which season do you like best, spring, summer, autumn or winter?(春夏秋冬,你最喜欢哪个季节?)(用于选择疑问句,明确范围)

二、which作为关系代词的用法

“which”作为关系代词时,用于引导定语从句,指代前文提到的“事物”(不指代人),在从句中可作主语、宾语或介词宾语,分为“限制性定语从句”和“非限制性定语从句”两类,核心区别是“是否限定先行词范围”。

1. 引导限制性定语从句

此类从句对先行词(即前文指代的事物)起“限定作用”,去掉后句子意思不完整,从句与主句之间无逗号分隔。

作从句主语:此时“which”不可省略,从句谓语动词的单复数需与先行词一致。

例:The book which lies on the table is mine.(放在桌子上的那本书是我的。)(先行词“the book”是单数,从句谓语“lies”也用单数;“which”指代“the book”,在从句中作主语,不可省略)

作从句宾语:此时“which”可省略(口语中常省略)。

例1:The song which I listened to yesterday is very popular.(我昨天听的那首歌很流行。)(“which”指代“the song”,在从句中作“listened to”的宾语,可省略为“The song I listened to yesterday is very popular.”)

例2:I bought a dress which my mother likes.(我买了一条我妈妈喜欢的裙子。)(“which”作“likes”的宾语,可省略)

2. 引导非限制性定语从句

此类从句对先行词起“补充说明”作用,去掉后句子核心意思仍完整,从句与主句之间必须有逗号分隔,且“which”不可省略。

指代先行词(单个事物):

例:Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a long history.(北京是中国的首都,有着悠久的历史。)(“which”指代“Beijing”,补充说明北京的身份,去掉从句后“Beijing has a long history”仍完整)

指代前文整个句子的内容:

此时“which”不指代单个名词,而是指代前文一句话的意思,从句中常表示“这件事带来的结果或评价”。

例1:He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他的父母非常高兴。)(“which”指代“他通过考试”这件事,说明这件事的结果)

例2:She forgot to bring her key, which meant she had to wait outside.(她忘了带钥匙,这意味着她不得不等在外面。)(“which”指代“忘带钥匙”这件事,说明后续结果)

3. 介词+which的结构(正式用法)

在定语从句中,若从句中的动词或形容词与介词搭配(如“be interested in”“depend on”“talk about”),可将介词提前至“which”前,构成“介词+which”结构(此时“which”不可省略,且口语中常用“which...+介词”替代,但正式书面语更倾向“介词+which”)。

例1:This is the house in which I lived last year.(= This is the house which I lived in last year.)(这是我去年住过的房子。)(“live in”是固定搭配,介词“in”可提前至“which”前)

例2:The problem about which we talked yesterday is still unsolved.(= The problem which we talked about yesterday is still unsolved.)(我们昨天讨论的那个问题还没解决。)(“talk about”搭配,介词“about”提前)

例3:He has a car on which he spends a lot of money.(= He has a car which he spends a lot of money on .)(他有一辆车,在上面花了很多钱。)(“spend money on”搭配,介词“on”提前)

三、which的常见固定短语

“which”还会出现在一些固定搭配中,这些短语的含义需整体记忆,不可拆分理解。

1. which is which

含义:区分“哪个是哪个”(用于当两个或多个事物相似,难以分辨时)。

用法:通常单独成句,或用于“tell/know which is which”结构中。

例:The two twins look so similar that I can’t tell which is which .(这对双胞胎长得太像了,我分不清哪个是哪个。)

例:Put labels on the boxes so we’ll know which is which .(在盒子上贴标签,这样我们就能知道哪个是哪个了。)

2. in which case

含义:“在这种情况下;如果是这样的话”(用于承接前文,说明假设或实际情况带来的结果)。

用法:引导条件或结果状语从句,相当于“if that is the case”,前文通常是一个完整的句子。

例:You might be late for the meeting, in which case you should call the manager first.(你可能开会要迟到了,在这种情况下,你应该先给经理打个电话。)

例:She doesn’t like spicy food, in which case we shouldn’t order Sichuan dishes.(她不喜欢吃辣,要是这样的话,我们就别点川菜了。)

3. of which

含义:“其中的……”(用于表示“先行词中的一部分”,相当于“whose”的物主代词用法,或“and of them”)。

用法:常与数量词(some, all, none, half, two等)搭配,引导定语从句,修饰前文的复数名词。

例1:There are 50 students in our class, of which 25 are girls.(我们班有50个学生,其中25个是女生。)(= ...and 25 of them are girls)

例2:He has many books, of which some are about history.(他有很多书,其中一些是关于历史的。)(= ...and some of them are about history)

4. which one

含义:“哪一个”(用于在多个选项中明确选择“单个对象”,比单独用“which”更强调“数量上的一个”)。

用法:单独使用或后接“of+复数名词/代词”,回答需指向具体的一个对象。

例1:There are three coats here. Which one do you prefer?(这里有三件外套,你更喜欢哪一件?)

例2:We have two plans. Which one of them is more practical?(我们有两个计划,其中哪一个更可行?)

5. whichsoever(正式/书面语)

含义:“无论哪个;任何一个”(用于强调“在所有选项中,毫无例外”,语气比“whichever”更正式)。

用法:引导让步状语从句,或作定语修饰名词,多用于正式法律、文书或书面语中。

例1:You can choose whichsoever book you want from the shelf.(你可以从书架上选任何一本你想要的书。)

例2:Whichsoever decision you make, we will support you.(无论你做哪个决定,我们都会支持你。)

英语基础