句法:存在句 There be 句型
There be 句型是英语中用于表示“某地/某时存在某物/某人”的核心句型,其本质是“存在句”,而非“拥有句”(拥有某物用“have/has”)。它的核心结构、时态变化、主谓一致规则及特殊用法如下。
一、There be 句型的核心结构
基础结构为:There + be动词(am/is/are/was/were/been等)+ 主语(某物/某人)+ 地点/时间状语
逻辑特点:“There”无实际意义,仅作形式主语,真正的主语是“be动词后的名词/代词”(即“存在的事物”);
翻译要点:通常译为“有……”,需根据“地点/时间状语”明确“在哪里有”或“什么时候有”。
二、按“时态”分类的 There be 句型(核心用法)
There be 句型的时态通过be动词的变化体现,常见时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时,每种时态对应不同场景,以下逐一讲解并附例句。
1. 一般现在时:There is/are...(表示当前存在的事物)
用法:描述“现在、经常或客观存在”的事物,be动词根据主语单复数变化:
主语为单数名词/不可数名词时,用“there is”;
主语为复数名词时,用“there are”。
关键:主谓一致看“真正主语”(be动词后的名词),而非“there”。
一般现在时例句:
1. There is a book on the desk.(桌子上有一本书。主语“a book”是单数,用there is,地点状语“on the desk”)
2. There are three apples in the basket.(篮子里有三个苹果。主语“three apples”是复数,用there are)
3. There is some milk in the fridge.(冰箱里有一些牛奶。主语“milk”是不可数名词,视为单数,用there is)
4. There are many students playing on the playground.(操场上有很多学生在玩。主语“many students”是复数,用there are,“playing...”作后置定语)
5. There is a big park near my home.(我家附近有一个大公园。主语“a big park”单数,地点状语“near my home”)
6. There are two libraries in our school.(我们学校有两个图书馆。主语“two libraries”复数,用there are)
7. There is a lot of water in the river.(河里有很多水。“water”不可数,用there is,“a lot of”修饰不可数名词)
8. There are some beautiful flowers in the garden.(花园里有一些漂亮的花。主语“flowers”复数,用there are)
9. There is a new supermarket on this street.(这条街上有一家新超市。主语“a new supermarket”单数,地点状语“on this street”)
10. There are five people in my family.(我家有五口人。主语“five people”复数,用there are,描述客观存在的家庭人数)
2. 一般过去时:There was/were...(表示过去存在的事物)
用法:描述“过去某个时间点/时间段存在”的事物,现在可能已不存在;be动词同样根据主语单复数变化:
主语单数/不可数 → there was;
主语复数 → there were。
标志:句中常含过去时间状语(如yesterday, last week, in 2020, just now等)。
一般过去时例句:
1. There was a small shop here last year.(去年这里有一家小商店。主语“a small shop”单数,过去时间状语“last year”,用there was)
2. There were many trees in this area ten years ago.(十年前这个区域有很多树。主语“trees”复数,时间状语“ten years ago”,用there were)
3. There was a heavy rain last night.(昨晚下了一场大雨。“a heavy rain”单数,时间状语“last night”,用there was)
4. There were three books on the desk just now, but now they’re gone.(刚才桌子上有三本书,但现在不见了。“just now”表过去,主语“three books”复数,用there were)
5. There was a party in our neighborhood yesterday evening.(昨晚我们小区有一场派对。主语“a party”单数,时间状语“yesterday evening”,用there was)
6. There were no computers in classrooms when my mom was a student.(我妈妈上学时,教室里没有电脑。主语“computers”复数,过去时间背景“when...was a student”,用there were)
7. There was a lot of snow in the mountains last winter.(去年冬天山里有很多雪。“snow”不可数,过去时间“last winter”,用there was)
8. There were some old houses here before the new building was built.(在新楼建成前,这里有一些老房子。主语“old houses”复数,过去时间“before...”,用there were)
9. There was a strange noise outside my window last night.(昨晚我窗外有奇怪的声音。主语“a strange noise”单数,时间状语“last night”,用there was)
10. There were twenty students in this class last semester.(上学期这个班有20个学生。主语“students”复数,时间状语“last semester”,用there were)
3. 一般将来时:There will be / There is/are going to be...(表示将来存在的事物)
用法:描述“未来某个时间会存在”的事物,有两种常见结构:
1. There will be + 主语(单复数均可,will后接原形be,无需变is/are);
2. There is/are going to be + 主语(be动词根据主语单复数变化,“going to”表“计划/预测”)。
标志:常含将来时间状语(如tomorrow, next month, soon, in the future等)。
一般将来时例句:
1. There will be a meeting in the office tomorrow morning.(明天上午办公室会有一场会议。将来时间“tomorrow morning”,用there will be,主语单数不影响will be)
2. There are going to be more trees in the park next year.(明年公园里会有更多树。主语“trees”复数,用there are going to be,时间状语“next year”)
3. There will be a new movie in this cinema next week.(下周这家电影院会有一部新电影。用there will be,将来时间“next week”)
4. There is going to be a football match in our school next Friday.(下周五我们学校会有一场足球赛。主语“a football match”单数,用there is going to be)
5. There will be less pollution in the city in the future.(未来这座城市的污染会更少。“pollution”不可数,用there will be,时间状语“in the future”)
6. There are going to be three new restaurants on this street soon.(很快这条街上会有三家新餐厅。主语“restaurants”复数,用there are going to be)
7. There will be a birthday party for my sister this weekend.(这周末会有一场给我妹妹的生日派对。用there will be,时间“this weekend”)
8. There is going to be a test in English class next Monday.(下周一英语课会有一场测试。主语“a test”单数,用there is going to be)
9. There will be more public buses in our town next year.(明年我们镇上会有更多公交车。用there will be,主语“buses”复数不影响will be)
10. There are going to be some changes in our company next month.(下个月我们公司会有一些变动。主语“changes”复数,用there are going to be)
4. 现在完成时:There has/have been...(表示从过去持续到现在的存在)
用法:描述“从过去某个时间开始,持续到现在仍存在”的事物,强调“经历或结果”;be动词用“been”,助动词“has/have”根据主语单复数变化:
主语单数/不可数 → there has been;
主语复数 → there have been。
标志:常含“since+过去时间点”“for+时间段”“already”“so far”等现在完成时标志词。
现在完成时例句:
1. There has been a coffee shop on this corner since 2018.(自2018年起,这个街角就有一家咖啡店了。主语单数,“since 2018”表持续时间,用there has been)
2. There have been many changes in our city over the past five years.(过去五年里,我们的城市发生了很多变化。主语“changes”复数,“over the past five years”表时间段,用there have been)
3. There has been no rain here for three months.(这里已经三个月没下雨了。“rain”不可数,“for three months”表持续,用there has been)
4. There have been two new schools built in our district since last year.(自去年以来,我们区已经建了两所新学校。主语“schools”复数,“since last year”,用there have been)
5. There has been a lot of progress in his English study recently.(最近他的英语学习有了很大进步。“progress”不可数,“recently”表现在完成时,用there has been)
6. There have been five meetings about this project so far.(到目前为止,关于这个项目已经开了五次会了。主语“meetings”复数,“so far”,用there have been)
7. There has been a problem with the internet in this building since this morning.(从今天早上起,这栋楼的网络就有问题。主语单数,“since this morning”,用there has been)
8. There have been many tourists visiting this place this summer.(今年夏天有很多游客来这个地方参观。主语“tourists”复数,“this summer”表持续到现在,用there have been)
9. There has been a library in our neighborhood for ten years.(我们小区的图书馆已经有十年了。“for ten years”表时间段,主语单数,用there has been)
10. There have been some new books added to the school library already.(学校图书馆已经新增了一些新书。主语“books”复数,“already”,用there have been)
三、There be 句型的特殊用法(高频考点)
除了基础时态,There be 句型还有几个特殊结构,需重点掌握:
1. There be 句型的“否定式”:在be动词后加“not”
结构:There is/are not... / There was/were not... / There will not be...(will not可缩写为won’t)
注意:否定不可数名词或单数名词时,“some”需改为“any”(肯定句用some,否定句用any)。
否定式例句:
1. There is not any water in the bottle.(= There is no water in the bottle.)(瓶子里没有水。否定不可数名词,some改any,也可用“no”直接修饰名词)
2. There are not any students in the classroom now.(现在教室里没有学生。否定复数名词,some改any)
3. There was not a park here before 2020.(2020年以前这里没有公园。一般过去时否定,主语单数)
4. There will not be a test tomorrow, so we can relax.(明天没有测试,所以我们可以放松。一般将来时否定,will not缩写为won’t)
5. There have not been any letters from him since he left.(自从他离开后,就没有收到过他的信。现在完成时否定,主语复数)
2. There be 句型的“疑问式”:将be动词/助动词提前至there前
结构:Is/Are there...? / Was/Were there...? / Will there be...? / Has/Have there been...?
回答:肯定用“Yes, there is/are/was/were/will be/has/have been.”,否定用“No, there isn’t/aren’t/wasn’t/weren’t/won’t be/hasn’t/haven’t been.”。
疑问式例句:
1. — Is there a bank near here?
— Yes, there is. It’s on the next street.(— 这附近有银行吗?— 有,在下一条街。一般现在时疑问,主语单数)
2. — Are there any eggs in the fridge?
— No, there aren’t. We need to buy some.(— 冰箱里有鸡蛋吗?— 没有,我们得买一些。一般现在时疑问,主语复数)
3. — Was there a concert in the hall last night?
— Yes, there was. It was very wonderful.(— 昨晚大厅里有音乐会吗?— 有,非常精彩。一般过去时疑问)
4. — Will there be a party for the New Year?
— No, there won’t. We’ll have a trip instead.(— 新年会有派对吗?— 没有,我们会去旅行代替。一般将来时疑问)
5. — Have there been any changes to the plan?
— Yes, there have. We need to start earlier.(— 计划有变动吗?— 有,我们需要提前开始。现在完成时疑问)
3. “There be + 主语 + doing sth”:表示“有某物/某人正在做某事”
用法:“doing sth”是现在分词短语,作后置定语,修饰前面的主语,表“主动/正在进行”的动作。
该结构例句:
1. There are some children playing football on the playground.(操场上有一些孩子在踢足球。“playing football”修饰“children”,表正在进行的动作)
2. There is a dog barking at the door.(门口有一只狗在叫。“barking”修饰“dog”,表正在叫)
3. There was a man selling newspapers on the street this morning.(今天早上街上有一个男人在卖报纸。“selling newspapers”修饰“man”,一般过去时)
4. There will be many people attending the meeting tomorrow.(明天会有很多人参加会议。“attending”修饰“people”,一般将来时)
5. There have been some students volunteering in the community recently.(最近有一些学生在社区做志愿者。“volunteering”修饰“students”,现在完成时)
4. “There be + 主语 + to do sth”:表示“有某物/某人要做某事”
用法:“to do sth”是不定式短语,作后置定语,表“将要做”的动作(主动)或“需要被做”的动作(被动,此时to do可用to be done替换)。
该结构例句:
1. There is a lot of work to do today.(今天有很多工作要做。“to do”表主动,“工作”需要“人”去做)
2. There are three letters to send this afternoon.(= There are three letters to be sent this afternoon.)(今天下午有三封信要寄。“to send”表主动,“to be sent”表被动,均可)
3. There was a meeting to attend yesterday, so I couldn’t go out.(昨天有一场会议要参加,所以我不能出去。“to attend”表主动)
4. There will be a new project to start next month.(下个月有一个新项目要启动。“to start”表主动)
5. There have been some problems to solve recently.(最近有一些问题要解决。“to solve”表主动,“问题”需要“人”去解决)
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
