[3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象

在英语句子结构中,宾语(Object)是及物动词动作的承受者,或介词、某些名词/形容词后接的补充成分,核心功能是完整表达“动作作用于谁/什么”或“介词/名词/形容词关联的对象”。宾语通常位于及物动词、介词之后,可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或从句(宾语从句)等充当,主要分为直接宾语、间接宾语、介词宾语三大类。

1. 本质属性:宾语是“动作的目标 或 关联的对象”,仅存在于两种结构中:

及物动词后:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(如 He bought a book. 中 a book 是 bought 的宾语);

介词后:主语 + 谓语 + 介词 + 宾语(如 She talked about him. 中 him 是 about 的宾语)。

2. 词性要求:宾语需由“名词性成分”充当,常见形式包括:

名词(book, student)、代词(him, it)、数词(three, five);

不定式(to study)、动名词(reading);

名词化的形容词(the poor)、从句(what he said,即宾语从句)。

3. 与主语的区别:主语是“动作的发出者”,位于句首宾语是“动作的承受者”,位于及物动词或介词后,二者构成“谁(主语)对谁/什么(宾语)做了什么(动词)”的逻辑关系。

一、直接宾语(Direct Object, DO):直接承受动词动作的对象

直接宾语是及物动词动作的“直接承受者”,回答“动词做了什么(what)”或“动词作用于谁(whom)”的问题,是最基础的宾语类型,几乎所有及物动词后都需接直接宾语以完整表义。

1. She bought a new dress for her birthday.(她为生日买了一条新裙子。及物动词 bought 的直接宾语是 a new dress,回答“买了什么”)

2. He finished his homework before dinner.(他晚饭前完成了作业。及物动词 finished 的直接宾语是 his homework,回答“完成了什么”)

3. The children are playing football in the park.(孩子们正在公园里踢足球。及物动词 playing 的直接宾语是 football,回答“踢什么”)

4. I read an interesting novel last weekend.(我上周末读了一本有趣的小说。及物动词 read 的直接宾语是 an interesting novel,回答“读了什么”)

5. My mom cooked delicious food for the family.(妈妈为家人做了美味的食物。及物动词 cooked 的直接宾语是 delicious food,回答“做了什么”)

6. He fixed the broken computer yesterday.(他昨天修好了坏电脑。及物动词 fixed 的直接宾语是 the broken computer,回答“修了什么”)

7. We visited the Great Wall during our trip to Beijing.(去北京旅行时,我们参观了长城。及物动词 visited 的直接宾语是 the Great Wall,回答“参观了什么”)

8. She wrote a letter to her pen pal in America.(她给美国的笔友写了一封信。及物动词 wrote 的直接宾语是 a letter,回答“写了什么”)

9. The teacher explained the difficult problem to the students.(老师向学生们讲解了这道难题。及物动词 explained 的直接宾语是 the difficult problem,回答“讲解了什么”)

10. They planted many trees in the school yard last spring.(去年春天,他们在校园里种了很多树。及物动词 planted 的直接宾语是 many trees,回答“种了什么”)

二、间接宾语(Indirect Object, IO):动作的“间接接收者”,常与直接宾语搭配出现

间接宾语是及物动词动作的“间接受益/受损对象”,回答“动作对谁做(to whom/for whom)”的问题,仅存在于“主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”的双宾语结构中,且通常可转换为“主语 + 及物动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词(to/for) + 间接宾语”的形式。

常用搭配介词:

表“给某人”用 to(如 give, send, tell, show, teach)

表“为某人”用 for(如 buy, make, cook, prepare, fetch)

1. My father gave me a watch as a Christmas gift.(爸爸给了我一块手表作为圣诞礼物。间接宾语是 me(对谁给),直接宾语是 a watch(给了什么);可转换为 gave a watch to me)

2. She sent her friend a postcard from Paris.(她从巴黎给朋友寄了一张明信片。间接宾语是 her friend(对谁寄),直接宾语是 a postcard(寄了什么);可转换为 sent a postcard to her friend)

3. The teacher taught us English grammar yesterday.(老师昨天教了我们英语语法。间接宾语是 us(对谁教),直接宾语是 English grammar(教了什么);可转换为 taught English grammar to us)

4. He bought his mother a bunch of flowers on Mother’s Day.(母亲节那天,他给妈妈买了一束花。间接宾语是 his mother(为谁买),直接宾语是 a bunch of flowers(买了什么);可转换为 bought a bunch of flowers for his mother)

5. We showed the foreign guests around our school.(我们带外国客人参观了我们的学校。间接宾语是 the foreign guests(对谁展示),直接宾语是 around our school(展示了什么);可转换为 showed around our school to the foreign guests)

6. She made her little sister a paper boat.(她给妹妹做了一只纸船。间接宾语是 her little sister(为谁做),直接宾语是 a paper boat(做了什么);可转换为 made a paper boat for her little sister)

7. The boss told his employees an important announcement.(老板给员工们宣布了一则重要通知。间接宾语是 his employees(对谁宣布),直接宾语是 an important announcement(宣布了什么);可转换为 told an important announcement to his employees)

8. I prepared my parents a big dinner for their anniversary.(我为父母的纪念日准备了一顿丰盛的晚餐。间接宾语是 my parents(为谁准备),直接宾语是 a big dinner(准备了什么);可转换为 prepared a big dinner for my parents)

9. He lent his classmate a dictionary for the exam.(他把字典借给同学考试用。间接宾语是 his classmate(对谁借),直接宾语是 a dictionary(借了什么);可转换为 lent a dictionary to his classmate)

10. The singer sang the audience a beautiful song.(歌手给观众唱了一首动听的歌。间接宾语是 the audience(对谁唱),直接宾语是 a beautiful song(唱了什么);可转换为 sang a beautiful song to the audience)

三、介词宾语(Object of a Preposition):介词后接的对象,构成介词短语

介词本身不能独立作句子成分,需后接“介词宾语”构成“介词短语”,才能在句中作状语、定语或表语等。介词宾语同样需由名词性成分充当,回答“介词关联的对象是什么”的问题。

1. She is waiting for her friend at the bus stop.(她正在公交站等她的朋友。介词 for 的宾语是 her friend,构成介词短语 for her friend,作状语表“等待的对象”)

2. We talked about our travel plans during lunch.(午饭时我们聊了聊旅行计划。介词 about 的宾语是 our travel plans,构成介词短语 about our travel plans,作状语表“谈论的内容”)

3. The book on the desk is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。介词 on 的宾语是 the desk,构成介词短语 on the desk,作定语修饰名词 the book,表“位置”)

4. He is interested in playing basketball.(他对打篮球感兴趣。介词 in 的宾语是 playing basketball(动名词),构成介词短语 in playing basketball,作表语形容词 interested 的补足成分)

5. They went to the park with their children last Sunday.(上周日他们带孩子去了公园。介词 with 的宾语是 their children,构成介词短语 with their children,作状语表“伴随”)

6. The meeting will be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon.(会议将于今天下午3点举行。介词 at 的宾语是 3 o’clock,构成介词短语 at 3 o’clock,作状语表“时间”)

7. I bought a gift for my sister’s birthday.(我为妹妹的生日买了一份礼物。介词 for 的宾语是 my sister’s birthday,构成介词短语 for my sister’s birthday,作状语表“目的”)

8. The cat is hiding under the sofa.(猫藏在沙发下面。介词 under 的宾语是 the sofa,构成介词短语 under the sofa,作表语表“位置”)

9. She is good at speaking English.(她擅长说英语。介词 at 的宾语是 speaking English(动名词),构成介词短语 at speaking English,作表语形容词 good 的补足成分)

10. We traveled to many countries during our vacation.(假期里我们去了很多国家旅行。介词 to 的宾语是 many countries,构成介词短语 to many countries,作状语表“目的地”)

四、特殊形式的宾语:非名词类宾语

除了名词、代词,不定式、动名词、宾语从句等也可充当宾语,这类“非名词类宾语”需注意搭配规则(如某些动词只能接不定式,某些只能接动名词):

不定式作宾语(常见动词:want, hope, decide, plan, agree, try 等)

1. I want to visit my grandparents next weekend.(我想下周末去看望祖父母。to visit... 作 want 的宾语)

2. She decided to study abroad after graduation.(她决定毕业后出国留学。to study... 作 decided 的宾语)

动名词作宾语(常见动词:enjoy, finish, practice, mind, avoid, suggest 等)

1. He enjoys playing the guitar in his free time.(他喜欢在空闲时弹吉他。playing... 作 enjoys 的宾语)

2. We finished cleaning the classroom before 5 p.m.(我们下午5点前打扫完了教室。cleaning... 作 finished 的宾语)

宾语从句作宾语(由 that, if/whether, 特殊疑问词引导,需用陈述句语序)

1. I think that he will come to the party.(我认为他会来派对。that 引导的从句作 think 的宾语)

2. She asked if I had seen her new bag.(她问我有没有看到她的新包。if 引导的从句作 asked 的宾语)

英语基础