[6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性

补语(Complement)是英语中用于补充说明句子核心成分(主语或宾语)的性质、状态、身份、结果或数量的语法成分,核心功能是让句子语义更完整——若去掉补语,句子可能存在逻辑漏洞或语义模糊(如“He made her ___”,缺少补语则无法明确“他让她怎样了”)。根据补充对象的不同,补语可分为主语补语宾语补语两大类,二者在句子结构和功能上有明确区别。

1. 补语的本质是“对主语或宾语进行‘补充定性’”,而非修饰(区别于定语)

修饰(定语):回答“什么样的?”(如“a *happy* girl”,“happy”修饰“girl”,限定特征);

补充(补语):回答“是什么/怎么样/变成什么?”(如“The girl is *happy*”,“happy”补充说明“女孩的状态”)。

2. 根据补充对象,补语分为主语补语、宾语补语,对应不同的句子结构:

主语补语:主语 + 系动词 + 主语补语,关键标志词:be, become, seem, look系动词

宾语补语:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补语,关键标志词:make, let, keep, call, find使役/感官动词 

主语补语(Subject Complement):补充说明主语的状态、身份或性质

主语补语紧跟在系动词(而非实义动词)之后,直接对主语进行补充,常见形式有“形容词、名词、介词短语、分词”等。核心结构为“主语 + 系动词 + 主语补语”,也被称为“表语”(传统语法中“表语”是主语补语的主要形式,二者本质一致)。

一、形容词作主语补语(表主语的状态或性质)

规则:形容词直接位于系动词后,补充主语的“感受、特征或状态”,是最常用的主语补语形式。

1. The weather is warm and sunny today.(今天天气温暖又晴朗。系动词“is”后,形容词“warm and sunny”补充说明主语“the weather”的状态)

2. She feels tired after working for 8 hours.(工作8小时后,她感觉很累。感官系动词“feels”后,形容词“tired”补充主语“she”的感受)

3. The soup tastes delicious—did you add any special spices?(这汤尝起来很美味——你加了特别的调料吗?感官系动词“tastes”后,形容词“delicious”补充主语“the soup”的味道)

4. His voice sounds soft on the phone.(他的声音在电话里听起来很轻柔。感官系动词“sounds”后,形容词“soft”补充主语“his voice”的特征)

5. The problem seems difficult at first, but it’s easy to solve.(这个问题起初看起来很难,但其实容易解决。系动词“seems”后,形容词“difficult”补充主语“the problem”的难度)

6. The children are excited about the upcoming holiday.(孩子们对即将到来的假期感到兴奋。系动词“are”后,形容词“excited”补充主语“the children”的情绪)

7. The old house looks lonely in the empty street.(那栋老房子在空旷的街道上看起来很孤单。感官系动词“looks”后,形容词“lonely”补充主语“the old house”的视觉感受)

8. After the rain, the air becomes fresh and clean.(雨后,空气变得清新又干净。系动词“becomes”后,形容词“fresh”补充主语“the air”的变化后状态)

9. This kind of fabric feels smooth against the skin.(这种面料贴在皮肤上摸起来很光滑。感官系动词“feels”后,形容词“smooth”补充主语“this kind of fabric”的触感)

10. Her explanation is clear and easy to understand.(她的解释清晰且易懂。系动词“is”后,形容词“clear”补充主语“her explanation”的性质)

二、名词(或名词短语)作主语补语(表主语的身份、职业或类别)

规则:名词直接位于系动词后,明确主语“是什么”(身份、职业、类别等),此时主语与补语在逻辑上是“等同关系”(如“He is a teacher”=“he”=“a teacher”)。

1. My father is a doctor working in a local hospital.(我爸爸是一名在当地医院工作的医生。系动词“is”后,名词短语“a doctor”补充主语“my father”的职业)

2. This big building will be a new library next year.(这栋大楼明年将成为一座新图书馆。系动词“be”后,名词短语“a new library”补充主语“this big building”的未来身份)

3. The red one is my favorite book—I’ve read it three times.(那本红色的是我最喜欢的书——我已经读了三遍了。系动词“is”后,名词短语“my favorite book”补充主语“the red one”的类别)

4. Her dream is to be a famous singer in the future.(她的梦想是未来成为一名著名歌手。系动词“is”后,不定式短语“to be a famous singer”(表将来的名词性内容)补充主语“her dream”的具体内容)

5. This small village used to be a quiet fishing town.(这个小村庄曾经是一个安静的渔村。系动词“be”后,名词短语“a quiet fishing town”补充主语“this small village”的过去身份)

6. The first person to finish the race is a young student from our school.(第一个完成比赛的人是我们学校的一名年轻学生。系动词“is”后,名词短语“a young student”补充主语“the first person”的身份)

7. What he needs most now is a cup of hot tea to warm up.(他现在最需要的是一杯热茶来取暖。系动词“is”后,名词短语“a cup of hot tea”补充主语“what he needs”的具体内容)

8. This kind of fruit is a type of tropical fruit—it only grows in warm areas.(这种水果是一种热带水果——它只在温暖地区生长。系动词“is”后,名词短语“a type of tropical fruit”补充主语“this kind of fruit”的类别)

9. My little brother wants to be a pilot when he grows up.(我弟弟长大后想成为一名飞行员。系动词“be”后,名词“a pilot”补充主语“my little brother”的理想职业)

10. The most important thing for us now is teamwork to complete the project.(现在对我们来说最重要的是团队合作,以完成这个项目。系动词“is”后,名词“teamwork”补充主语“the most important thing”的具体内容)

三、介词短语作主语补语(表主语的位置、所属或状态)

规则:介词短语(介词+名词/代词)位于系动词后,补充主语的“位置、归属或所处的状态”,回答“在哪里/属于哪里”。

1. The keys are on the kitchen table—I saw them there this morning.(钥匙在厨房的桌子上——我今天早上在那里看到过它们。系动词“are”后,介词短语“on the kitchen table”补充主语“the keys”的位置)

2. All these books are from my grandfather’s collection.(所有这些书都来自我爷爷的藏书。系动词“are”后,介词短语“from my grandfather’s collection”补充主语“these books”的来源)

3. The children are in the garden playing with their toys.(孩子们在花园里玩玩具。系动词“are”后,介词短语“in the garden”补充主语“the children”的位置)

4. This beautiful painting is of a small village in the countryside.(这幅美丽的画描绘的是乡村的一个小村庄。系动词“is”后,介词短语“of a small village”补充主语“this painting”的内容归属)

5. After the meeting, the manager will be in his office for an hour.(会议结束后,经理将在他的办公室待一小时。系动词“be”后,介词短语“in his office”补充主语“the manager”的未来位置)

6. The old photo is from our family trip to the beach five years ago.(这张旧照片来自五年前我们全家的海滩旅行。系动词“is”后,介词短语“from our family trip”补充主语“the old photo”的来源)

7. The new restaurant is near the city center—it’s easy to find.(这家新餐厅在市中心附近——很容易找到。系动词“is”后,介词短语“near the city center”补充主语“the new restaurant”的位置)

8. Her necklace is made of silver—it was a gift from her mother.(她的项链是银做的——那是她妈妈送的礼物。系动词“is”后,介词短语“made of silver”(过去分词+介词)补充主语“her necklace”的材质状态)

9. The meeting tomorrow will be in the main conference room on the third floor.(明天的会议将在三楼的主会议室举行。系动词“be”后,介词短语“in the main conference room”补充主语“the meeting”的举办位置)

10. My favorite sweater is in the wardrobe—I haven’t worn it this winter yet.(我最喜欢的毛衣在衣柜里——我今年冬天还没穿过它。系动词“is”后,介词短语“in the wardrobe”补充主语“my favorite sweater”的位置)

宾语补语(Object Complement):补充说明宾语的状态、结果或身份

宾语补语位于宾语之后,补充说明宾语“怎么样了、变成了什么或被认定为什么”,常见于“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语”(S+V+O+OC)结构。能接宾语补语的动词多为使役动词(make, let, have)、感官动词(see, hear, find)或表“认定/命名”的动词(call, name, consider),补语形式包括形容词、名词、分词、不定式等。

一、形容词作宾语补语(表宾语的状态或特征)

规则:形容词位于宾语后,补充说明宾语的“状态变化”(如“使宾语变……”“发现宾语是……”),常见于“make+宾语+形容词”“find+宾语+形容词”等结构。

1. The good news made everyone happy—we all cheered loudly.(这个好消息让所有人都很开心——我们都大声欢呼起来。宾语“everyone”后,形容词“happy”补充说明“大家的状态”,make后接形容词作宾补)

2. I find this math problem very easy—I solved it in five minutes.(我觉得这道数学题很简单——我五分钟就解出来了。宾语“this math problem”后,形容词“very easy”补充说明“题的难度”,find后接形容词作宾补)

3. The soft music kept the baby calm—she didn’t cry at all.(轻柔的音乐让宝宝保持平静——她一点也没哭。宾语“the baby”后,形容词“calm”补充说明“宝宝的状态”,keep后接形容词作宾补)

4. The bad weather made the trip unpleasant—we had to stay indoors all day.(糟糕的天气让这次旅行很不愉快——我们不得不整天待在室内。宾语“the trip”后,形容词“unpleasant”补充说明“旅行的状态”,make后接形容词作宾补)

5. She considers her new job interesting—she looks forward to work every day.(她觉得她的新工作很有趣——她每天都期待上班。宾语“her new job”后,形容词“interesting”补充说明“工作的特征”,consider后接形容词作宾补)

6. The cold water made his hands numb—he could hardly hold the cup.(冷水让他的手变麻木了——他几乎握不住杯子。宾语“his hands”后,形容词“numb”补充说明“手的状态”,make后接形容词作宾补)

7. I found the room clean and tidy—someone must have cleaned it this morning.(我发现房间干净又整洁——肯定有人今天早上打扫过。宾语“the room”后,形容词“clean and tidy”补充说明“房间的状态”,find后接形容词作宾补)

8. The teacher’s praise made the student confident—he started to answer more questions in class.(老师的表扬让这个学生变得自信——他开始在课堂上回答更多问题。宾语“the student”后,形容词“confident”补充说明“学生的状态变化”,make后接形容词作宾补)

9. We keep our classroom clean every day—everyone takes turns to sweep the floor.(我们每天保持教室干净——每个人轮流扫地。宾语“our classroom”后,形容词“clean”补充说明“教室的状态”,keep后接形容词作宾补)

10. The loud noise made the old man angry—he knocked on the wall to complain.(巨大的噪音让老人很生气——他敲墙投诉。宾语“the old man”后,形容词“angry”补充说明“老人的情绪”,make后接形容词作宾补)

二、名词(或名词短语)作宾语补语(表宾语的身份或类别)

规则:名词位于宾语后,明确“把宾语认定为/命名为……”,常见于“call+宾语+名词”“name+宾语+名词”“elect+宾语+名词”等结构,此时宾语与补语在逻辑上是“等同关系”。

1. We call this small animal a rabbit—it has long ears and a short tail.(我们把这种小动物叫做兔子——它有长耳朵和短尾巴。宾语“this small animal”后,名词“a rabbit”补充说明“动物的名称”,call后接名词作宾补)

2. They named their new baby Lily—it’s a beautiful and gentle name.(他们给刚出生的宝宝取名叫莉莉——这是一个美丽又温柔的名字。宾语“their new baby”后,名词“Lily”补充说明“宝宝的名字”,name后接名词作宾补)

3. The students elected him the class monitor—he is responsible and helpful.(学生们选他当班长——他有责任心且乐于助人。宾语“him”后,名词短语“the class monitor”补充说明“他的身份”,elect后接名词作宾补)

4. People consider him a great artist—his paintings are known all over the world.(人们认为他是一位伟大的艺术家——他的画作闻名世界。宾语“him”后,名词短语“a great artist”补充说明“他的身份”,consider后接名词作宾补)

5. She called her favorite teddy bear Mr. Soft—she sleeps with it every night.(她把她最喜欢的泰迪熊叫做软先生——她每晚都抱着它睡觉。宾语“her favorite teddy bear”后,名词“Mr. Soft”补充说明“泰迪熊的名字”,call后接名词作宾补)

6. The company appointed her the new marketing manager—she has rich experience in this field.(公司任命她为新的市场经理——她在这个领域有丰富的经验。宾语“her”后,名词短语“the new marketing manager”补充说明“她的职位”,appoint后接名词作宾补)

7. We regard this old tree a symbol of our village—it has stood here for 200 years.(我们把这棵古树视为我们村庄的象征——它已经在这里矗立了200年。宾语“this old tree”后,名词短语“a symbol of our village”补充说明“树的意义”,regard后接名词作宾补)

8. They chose him the leader of the team—he is good at organizing and communicating.(他们选他当团队 leader——他擅长组织和沟通。宾语“him”后,名词短语“the leader of the team”补充说明“他的角色”,choose后接名词作宾补)

9. The children called the small dog Buddy—it follows them everywhere they go.(孩子们把这只小狗叫做巴迪——它走到哪儿跟到哪儿。宾语“the small dog”后,名词“Buddy”补充说明“小狗的名字”,call后接名词作宾补)

10. The committee selected her the representative of our school—she speaks English fluently.(委员会选她当我们学校的代表——她英语说得很流利。宾语“her”后,名词短语“the representative of our school”补充说明“她的身份”,select后接名词作宾补)

三、分词(现在分词/过去分词)作宾语补语(表宾语的动作或被动状态)

规则:现在分词(doing)作宾补,表“宾语正在进行的动作”(主动);过去分词(done)作宾补,表“宾语承受的动作或被动状态”,常见于“see+宾语+doing/done”“have+宾语+done”等结构。

现在分词作宾补:

1. I saw a group of children playing football on the playground.(我看到一群孩子在操场上踢足球。宾语“children”后,现在分词“playing football”补充说明“孩子们正在做的动作”,see后接doing表“主动进行”)

2. She heard her brother singing a song in his room—his voice is very nice.(她听到她弟弟在房间里唱歌——他的声音很好听。宾语“her brother”后,现在分词“singing a song”补充说明“弟弟正在进行的动作”,hear后接doing表“主动进行”)

3. We found the old man sitting under a big tree—he was reading a newspaper.(我们发现那位老人坐在一棵大树下——他正在看报纸。宾语“the old man”后,现在分词“sitting under a big tree”补充说明“老人的动作状态”,find后接doing表“主动进行”)

4. The teacher noticed a student looking out of the window during the class.(老师注意到一个学生在上课期间朝窗外看。宾语“a student”后,现在分词“looking out of the window”补充说明“学生正在做的动作”,notice后接doing表“主动进行”)

5. I could smell someone cooking delicious food in the kitchen—my stomach started to growl.(我能闻到有人在厨房里做美味的食物——我的肚子开始咕咕叫。宾语“someone”后,现在分词“cooking delicious food”补充说明“某人正在做的动作”,smell后接doing表“主动进行”)

过去分词作宾补:

6. She had her hair cut yesterday—she wanted a new look for the party.(她昨天剪了头发——她想为派对换个新造型。宾语“her hair”后,过去分词“cut”补充说明“头发被剪的被动状态”,have+宾语+done表“让某物被……”)

7. I found my bike broken when I went to the parking lot—someone must have damaged it.(我去停车场时发现我的自行车坏了——肯定有人弄坏了它。宾语“my bike”后,过去分词“broken”补充说明“自行车被弄坏的被动状态”,find后接done表“被动”)

8. They need to get the room cleaned before the guests arrive—there’s a lot of dust.(他们需要在客人到达前把房间打扫干净——里面有很多灰尘。宾语“the room”后,过去分词“cleaned”补充说明“房间被打扫的被动状态”,get+宾语+done表“让某物被……”)

9. We saw the old house repaired last week—it looks new now.(我们上周看到那栋老房子被修好了——现在它看起来像新的一样。宾语“the old house”后,过去分词“repaired”补充说明“房子被修理的被动状态”,see后接done表“被动”)

10. He had his car washed at the service station—It was dirty after the long trip.(他在加油站洗了车——长途旅行后车很脏。宾语“his car”后,过去分词“washed”补充说明“车被洗的被动状态”,have+宾语+done表“让某物被……”)

三、补语的关键区分(避坑指南)

1. 主语补语 vs 定语:

主语补语:紧跟系动词,补充主语的“状态/身份”(如“The girl is *happy*”,“happy”是补语,说明女孩的状态);

定语:修饰名词,限定“特征”(如“The *happy* girl is smiling”,“happy”是定语,修饰女孩的特征)。

2. 宾语补语 vs 宾语的定语:

宾语补语:位于宾语后,补充宾语的“变化/状态”(如“He made the girl *happy*”,“happy”是宾补,说明“女孩变开心了”);

宾语的定语:修饰宾语,限定“特征”(如“He saw the *happy* girl”,“happy”是定语,修饰“女孩是开心的”)。

3. 宾语补语 vs 双宾语:

宾语补语:与宾语有“逻辑主谓关系”(如“He called her *Lily*”,“her”=“Lily”,有等同关系);

双宾语:指“间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)”,二者无逻辑关系(如“He gave her a book”,“her”和“a book”是两个独立宾语,无等同/主谓关系)。

英语基础