[4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
同位语从句是名词性从句的重要分支,其核心功能是对主句中特定的抽象名词(即“先行词”)进行具体解释、说明或补充,明确该名词的实际内容。从句与先行词在逻辑上是“等同关系”(即“先行词=从句内容”),而非修饰关系(这是它与定语从句最本质的区别)。
一、同位语从句的核心构成与关键特征
1. 必须有明确的“先行词”
先行词只能是抽象名词,无法修饰具体名词(如“book”“tree”等)。常见的先行词可分为以下几类:
表事实/真理:fact(事实)、truth(真相)、reality(现实)、evidence(证据);
表观点/想法:idea(想法)、opinion(观点)、view(看法)、thought(思考)、belief(信念);
表计划/建议:plan(计划)、suggestion(建议)、proposal(提议)、advice(建议)、demand(要求);
表消息/信息:news(消息)、information(信息)、message(留言)、report(报告)、announcement(通知);
表其他抽象概念:promise(承诺)、decision(决定)、question(问题)、doubt(疑问)、secret(秘密)。
2. 引导词的选择规则
引导词连接先行词与从句,需根据从句的语义和成分需求选择,主要分为三类:
that:最常用,无实际语义,不充当从句成分,仅起连接作用,不可省略(即使从句是完整的陈述句);
whether:表“是否”,有明确语义,不充当从句成分,不可用if替换(if仅能引导宾语从句,无法引导同位语从句);
特殊疑问词(when/where/why/how/what/which/who):有实际语义(如“何时”“何地”“什么”),且在从句中必须充当成分(主语、宾语、状语等),从句需用“疑问词+主谓”的陈述句语序(不可用疑问语序)。
3. 句子结构:主句主语 + 主句谓语 + 先行词(抽象名词) + 引导词 + 同位语从句(完整陈述句语序)
例:She told us the news (先行词) that her brother had won the award (同位语从句).(她告诉我们“她哥哥获奖了”的消息。从句“她哥哥获奖了”是对先行词“news”的具体解释,二者逻辑等同)
二、that 引导的同位语从句(解释先行词的具体内容)
核心逻辑:that仅起连接作用,无实际意义,不影响从句语义,从句本身是完整的陈述句,用于明确先行词的具体所指。
1. We must accept the fact that the environment is getting worse due to human activities.(我们必须接受“由于人类活动,环境正变得越来越糟”这一事实。从句解释“fact”的具体内容,that不可省略)
2. He kept his promise that he would take his daughter to the amusement park on weekends.(他信守了“周末带女儿去游乐园”的承诺。从句说明“promise”的具体内容,与先行词逻辑等同)
3. The news that our school’s football team won the national championship spread quickly across the campus.(“我们学校足球队赢得全国冠军”的消息在校园里迅速传开。从句补充“news”的具体信息)
4. She put forward an idea that we should set up a study group to help each other with difficult subjects.(她提出了“我们应该成立学习小组,互相帮助攻克难题”的想法。从句解释“idea”是什么)
5. The truth that no one can succeed without hard work has been proved by countless examples.(“没有人能不努力就成功”的真相已被无数例子证实。从句明确“truth”的具体内涵)
6. The manager announced the decision that the company would provide free training courses for new employees.(经理宣布了“公司将为新员工提供免费培训课程”的决定。从句补充“decision”的具体内容)
7. I have no doubt about the fact that he is one of the most responsible people I have ever met.(我对“他是我见过的最负责任的人之一”这一事实毫不怀疑。从句解释“fact”的内容)
8. The teacher shared the information that the mid-term exam would be held next Friday.(老师分享了“期中考试将在下周五举行”的信息。从句说明“information”的具体内容)
9. Most people agree with the view that reading classic books can improve our cultural literacy.(大多数人认同“阅读经典书籍能提升我们的文化素养”这一看法。从句解释“view”的具体观点)
10. He told me the story that his grandfather used to be a soldier and fought in the Anti-Japanese War.(他给我讲了“他爷爷曾是一名士兵,参加过抗日战争”的故事。从句补充“story”的具体情节)
三、whether 引导的同位语从句(表“是否”,解释先行词的不确定性)
核心逻辑:whether表“是否”,用于引导存在疑问或不确定性的从句,常搭配表“疑问、争议、不确定”的先行词(如doubt, question, uncertainty, debate等),且不可用if替换。
1. There is some doubt whether the new policy will be carried out smoothly next month.(对于“新政策是否能在下个月顺利实施”存在一些疑问。先行词“doubt”表不确定,whether表“是否”)
2. The question whether students should be allowed to use mobile phones in class has been discussed for a long time.(“是否应该允许学生在课堂上使用手机”这个问题已经讨论了很久。先行词“question”,whether引导疑问性从句)
3. She has no uncertainty whether she can get into her dream university with her current grades.(她对“以目前的成绩是否能考上梦想的大学”没有疑问。先行词“uncertainty”,whether表“是否”)
4. The problem whether we can raise enough funds for the charity project worries all the volunteers.(“我们是否能为这个慈善项目筹集到足够资金”的问题让所有志愿者都很担心。先行词“problem”,whether引导从句)
5. There is a heated debate whether artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the next 20 years.(关于“未来20年人工智能是否会取代人类工作”存在一场激烈的争论。先行词“debate”表争议,whether表“是否”)
6. He raised the question whether it is necessary to postpone the meeting because of the bad weather.(他提出了“是否有必要因为天气不好而推迟会议”的问题。先行词“question”,whether不可换if)
7. The uncertainty whether the flight will be delayed due to the fog makes many passengers feel anxious.(“航班是否会因大雾延误”的不确定性让许多乘客感到焦虑。先行词“uncertainty”,whether表“是否”)
8. There is no doubt whether the government’s efforts to reduce poverty have achieved great results.(“政府的减贫努力是否取得了显著成效”这一点毫无疑问。先行词“doubt”,whether引导从句)
9. The discussion whether we should change our travel destination because of the heavy rain lasted for an hour.(关于“是否应该因为大雨改变旅行目的地”的讨论持续了一个小时。先行词“discussion”,whether表“是否”)
10. She expressed her confusion whether she should choose to study abroad or find a job after graduation.(她对“毕业后应该选择出国留学还是找工作”表达了困惑。先行词“confusion”,whether引导疑问性从句)
四、特殊疑问词引导的同位语从句(表“时间/地点/原因/方式/内容”)
核心逻辑:特殊疑问词(when/where/why/how/what/which/who)有明确语义,且在从句中必须充当成分(如时间状语、地点状语、宾语等),从句需用陈述句语序(即“疑问词+主谓”,不可用“疑问词+助动词+主语”的疑问语序)。
1. We need to confirm the time when the meeting will start tomorrow morning.(我们需要确认“明天早上会议将何时开始”的时间。先行词“time”,when在从句中作时间状语,从句语序为“when+主谓”)
2. The place where we will hold the company’s annual party has not been finalized yet.(“我们将在哪里举办公司年会”的地点尚未确定。先行词“place”,where在从句中作地点状语)
3. He couldn’t figure out the reason why his best friend didn’t attend his birthday party.(他弄不明白“他最好的朋友为何没参加他的生日派对”的原因。先行词“reason”,why在从句中作原因状语)
4. The teacher explained the way how we could improve our oral English in a short time.(老师讲解了“我们如何在短时间内提升英语口语”的方法。先行词“way”,how在从句中作方式状语)
5. She asked me the question what I plan to do during the upcoming winter holiday.(她问了我“即将到来的寒假我计划做什么”的问题。先行词“question”,what在从句中作宾语,从句语序为“what+主谓”)
6. The news when the famous singer will hold a concert in our city has attracted many fans’ attention.(“这位著名歌手将何时在我们城市举办演唱会”的消息吸引了许多粉丝的关注。先行词“news”,when作时间状语)
7. We discussed the issue where we can recruit more volunteers for the community service.(我们讨论了“我们在哪里能为社区服务招募更多志愿者”的问题。先行词“issue”,where在从句中作地点状语)
8. He revealed the secret why he always stays energetic even after working for 10 hours a day.(他透露了“即使每天工作10小时,他仍能保持精力充沛”的秘密。先行词“secret”,why在从句中作原因状语)
9. The manual includes the guide how to operate this new type of machine safely.(说明书中包含了“如何安全操作这款新型机器”的指南。先行词“guide”,how在从句中作方式状语)
10. The problem what we should do to deal with the sudden flood is the top priority right now.(“我们应该做些什么来应对这场突发洪水”的问题是目前的首要任务。先行词“problem”,what在从句中作宾语,从句用陈述句语序)
五、同位语从句 与 定语从句 的核心区别(避坑指南)
同位语从句常与定语从句混淆,二者的本质区别在于与先行词的逻辑关系和引导词的作用,具体可通过以下两点快速区分:
1. 逻辑关系不同:
同位语从句:与先行词是“等同关系”,从句是对先行词的内容解释(如“the news that he won”=“he won”就是“news”的内容);
定语从句:与先行词是“修饰关系”,从句是对先行词的特征限定(如“the news that he told me”=“他告诉我的”那个消息,限定“news”的范围)。
2. 引导词that的作用不同:
同位语从句中的that:无意义,不充当成分,不可省略;
定语从句中的that:指代先行词,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),有实际指代意义。
例句对比:
同位语从句:The fact that the earth is round is known to all.(“地球是圆的”=fact,解释fact的内容,that不可省略)
定语从句:The fact that he told me yesterday is very important.(that指代fact,在从句中作宾语,可省略,从句限定“他昨天告诉我的”fact)
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
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