积累:that
“that”是英语中最常用的单词之一,可作代词、连词、形容词、副词等,用法灵活且功能多样。
一、that作为代词(Pronoun)
代词词性的that主要用于“指代前文内容、替代名词”,避免重复,分为指示代词和关系代词两类。
1. 指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun)
指代“前文提到的单数名词、不可数名词或整个句子/情况”,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,意为“那个;那件事;那种情况”。
作主语:指代单数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。
例:This book is interesting, but that is more educational.(这本书很有趣,但那本更有教育意义。——that指代前文的“book”,作主语)
例:The weather in Beijing is dry, and that of Shanghai is humid.(北京的天气干燥,上海的(天气)潮湿。——that指代不可数名词“weather”,避免重复)
作宾语:指代前文内容,可作动词或介词的宾语。
例:I bought a new phone yesterday. Do you want to see that?(我昨天买了部新手机,你想看看吗?——that指代“new phone”,作see的宾语)
例:She told me she would come, and I believe that.(她告诉我她会来,我相信这件事。——that指代“she would come”整个句子,作believe的宾语)
作表语:用于be动词后,确认身份或指代前文情况。
例:A: Is this the key to the door? B: Yes, that is.(A:这是门的钥匙吗?B:对,就是它。——that指代“the key”,作表语)
例:The problem is that we don’t have enough time.(问题是我们没有足够的时间。——that指代“we don’t have enough time”,作表语)
2. 关系代词(Relative Pronoun)
引导限制性定语从句,指代前文的“单数名词或不可数名词”(先行词),在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。注意:当that在从句中作宾语时,可省略。
作主语:从句谓语动词的单复数需与先行词一致。
例:The man that is standing by the window is my father.(站在窗边的那个男人是我爸爸。——that指代先行词“the man”,在从句中作主语,不可省略)
例:The food that smells good is usually delicious.(闻起来香的食物通常很好吃。——that指代“the food”,作从句主语)
作宾语:可省略,不影响句子完整性。
例:The movie (that) we watched last night was amazing.(我们昨晚看的那部电影太棒了。——that指代“the movie”,在从句中作watched的宾语,可省略)
例:This is the gift (that) my friend gave me for my birthday.(这是我朋友给我的生日礼物。——that作gave的宾语,可省略)
作表语:通常用于先行词是“the one, someone, anyone”等表身份的词时,可省略。
例:He is not the boy (that) he used to be.(他不再是以前那个男孩了。——that指代“the boy”,在从句中作表语,可省略)
二、that作为连词(Conjunction)
连词词性的that主要用于引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),无实际含义,仅起连接作用,部分情况下可省略。
1. 引导主语从句(Subject Clause)
that引导的主语从句位于句首时,that不可省略;若用it作形式主语,将从句后置,that可省略(但正式语境中保留更规范)。
例:That he passed the exam made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他父母很开心。——that引导主语从句,位于句首,不可省略)
例:It is important (that) we should learn to be independent.(我们学会独立是很重要的。——it作形式主语,从句后置,that可省略)
2. 引导宾语从句(Object Clause)
that引导的宾语从句作动词、介词(除except, in, but外)的宾语时,that通常可省略;但当从句较长、有多个并列从句或表达强调时,that不可省略。
作动词宾语(可省略):
例:I think (that) you are right.(我认为你是对的。——that作think的宾语,可省略)
例:She said (that) she would visit us next week.(她说她下周会来看我们。——that作said的宾语,可省略)
多个并列从句(不可省略):
例:He told me (that) he had finished his homework and that he would go out for a walk.(他告诉我他已经做完作业了,还说他要出去散步。——第一个that可省略,第二个that连接并列从句,不可省略,避免歧义)
作介词宾语(仅except/in/but后可接that从句):
例:I know nothing about him except that he is from Canada.(我对他一无所知,只知道他来自加拿大。——except后接that从句,that不可省略)
3. 引导表语从句(Predicate Clause)
that引导的表语从句位于be动词、系动词(如seem, look, remain)后,that不可省略。
例:The fact is that he didn’t tell the truth.(事实是他没有说实话。——that引导表语从句,不可省略)
例:It seems that it will rain this afternoon.(看起来今天下午会下雨。——that引导表语从句,不可省略)
4. 引导同位语从句(Appositive Clause)
that引导的同位语从句用于“解释说明先行词(通常是抽象名词,如fact, news, idea, suggestion, truth等)的具体内容”,that不可省略,且在从句中不充当成分。
例:We heard the news that our team won the game.(我们听到了我们队赢了比赛的消息。——that从句解释“news”的内容,不可省略)
例:He put forward the suggestion that we should hold a meeting to discuss the problem.(他提出了我们应该开个会讨论这个问题的建议。——that从句解释“suggestion”的内容,不可省略)
三、that作为形容词(Adjective)
that作形容词时,仅用于修饰“单数可数名词”,意为“那个;那”,用于特指前文提到或双方都知道的人或事物,相当于“the + 单数名词”,不可修饰复数或不可数名词。
例:That girl over there is my classmate.(那边那个女孩是我的同学。——that修饰单数名词“girl”,特指“那边的女孩”)
例:Do you remember that day we went to the park?(你还记得我们去公园的那一天吗?——that修饰“day”,特指“去公园的那天”)
注意:修饰复数名词需用“those”,不可用that;修饰不可数名词需用“that”(作代词),而非形容词,如“that water”(错误,应为the water或that(代词)water)。
四、that作为副词(Adverb)
that作副词时,是口语化用法,意为“那样;那么”,用于修饰形容词或副词,相当于“so”,仅用于非正式语境,正式书面语中较少使用。
例:The movie was that interesting that I watched it twice.(那部电影太有趣了,我看了两遍。——that修饰形容词“interesting”,相当于so)
例:He didn’t run that fast, so he didn’t win the race.(他跑得没那么快,所以没赢得比赛。——that修饰副词“fast”,相当于so)
五、that的核心短语及固定搭配
除单独使用外,that还常与其他词构成固定短语,含义和用法需单独记忆,以下是最常用的10个短语:
1. so that(以便;为了;结果)
引导目的状语从句时,意为“以便,为了”,从句中常含can, could, may, might等情态动词;
例:She studies hard so that she can get good grades.(她努力学习是为了能取得好成绩。——目的状语从句)
引导结果状语从句时,意为“结果,以至于”,从句前常无逗号,且不含情态动词;
例:He was so tired so that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,以至于马上就睡着了。——结果状语从句)
2. such that(如此……以至于)
引导结果状语从句,结构为“such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that从句”,强调“名词的特征”,与“so + 形容词/副词 + that从句”区别在于修饰对象不同(such修饰名词,so修饰形容词/副词)。
例:It was such a cold day that we stayed at home.(天气太冷了,我们只好待在家里。——such修饰名词“a cold day”)
例:They are such kind people that everyone likes them.(他们是如此善良的人,以至于每个人都喜欢他们。——such修饰名词“kind people”)
3. in order that(为了;以便)
引导目的状语从句,含义与“so that”(目的)基本一致,但语气更正式,从句中常含can, could, will, would等情态动词,可与“in order to + 动词原形”转换。
例:We got up early in order that we could catch the first bus.(我们早起是为了能赶上第一班公交车。——可转换为“We got up early in order to catch the first bus.”)
4. now that(既然;由于)
引导原因状语从句,意为“既然,由于”,强调“已知的、显而易见的原因”,从句可位于句首或句中,that可省略(口语中常用now代替now that)。
例:Now that you know the truth, you should make a decision.(既然你知道了真相,就应该做决定了。——that可省略,即“Now you know the truth...”)
例:We can go out for a walk now that the rain has stopped.(既然雨停了,我们可以出去散步了。)
5. on condition that(如果;在……条件下)
引导条件状语从句,意为“如果,在……条件下”,相当于“as long as”,语气比“if”更正式,强调“双方约定的条件”。
例:I will help you on condition that you finish your homework first.(我会帮你,条件是你先完成作业。)
例:He agreed to join us on condition that he could leave early.(他同意加入我们,前提是他能早点走。)
6. provided (that) / providing (that)(如果;假如)
引导条件状语从句,意为“如果,假如”,与“on condition that”“as long as”含义相近,that可省略,provided比providing更正式。
例:You can use my computer provided (that) you keep it clean.(你可以用我的电脑,只要你保持干净。)
例:Providing (that) the weather is good, we will have a picnic this weekend.(如果天气好,我们这周末就去野餐。)
7. in that(因为;在于)
引导原因状语从句,意为“因为,在于”,用于解释“前文观点的原因或依据”,语气较正式,不可与“because”完全替换(in that更强调“从某个方面解释”,because强调直接原因)。
例:She is different from her sister in that she is more outgoing.(她和她姐姐不同,因为她更外向。——解释“不同”的具体方面)
例:This book is valuable in that it provides a lot of practical advice.(这本书很有价值,因为它提供了很多实用的建议。)
8. so...that...(如此……以至于)
引导结果状语从句,结构为“so + 形容词/副词 + that从句”,强调“形容词或副词所描述的程度”,与“such...that...”的区别在于修饰对象(so修饰形容词/副词,such修饰名词)。
例:He ran so fast that no one could catch up with him.(他跑得太快了,没人能追上他。——so修饰副词“fast”)
例:The girl is so beautiful that everyone looks at her.(那个女孩太漂亮了,所有人都看着她。——so修饰形容词“beautiful”)
9. that is (to say)(也就是说;即)
用于“解释、补充说明前文内容”,相当于“in other words”,可缩写为“i.e.”,常用于口语和书面语,前后常用逗号隔开。
例:He will come back next month, that is (to say), in May.(他下个月回来,也就是说,在五月份。——补充说明“next month”的具体时间)
例:She speaks three languages, that is, English, French and Spanish.(她会说三种语言,即英语、法语和西班牙语。——列举具体语言)
10. all that(所有那些;所……的一切)
“all”是先行词,“that”是关系代词,引导限制性定语从句,意为“所有那些;所……的一切”,that在从句中可作主语或宾语,不可用which替换(先行词是all时,关系代词只能用that)。
例:All that he said is true.(他所说的一切都是真的。——that指代“all”,在从句中作said的宾语)
例:We should cherish all that we have now.(我们应该珍惜现在所拥有的一切。——that在从句中作have的宾语)
六、常见易错点总结
1. that与which的区别:引导限制性定语从句时,先行词是“all, everything, nothing, something”等不定代词,或被“the only, the very, 序数词, 最高级”修饰时,只能用that,不能用which;非限制性定语从句(用逗号隔开)只能用which,不能用that。
例:This is the only book that I need.(正确,先行词被the only修饰,用that)
例:She bought a new dress, which is very beautiful.(正确,非限制性定语从句,用which)
2. that的省略问题:作关系代词且在从句中作宾语时可省略;作连词引导宾语从句时可省略(多从句时第二个that不可省);引导主语从句(句首)、表语从句、同位语从句时不可省略。
3. that与this的区别:that指代“远处或前文的事物”,this指代“近处或后文的事物”,如“This is a pen, and that is a pencil.”(这是一支钢笔,那是一支铅笔。)
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
