积累:that

“that”是英语中最常用的单词之一,可作代词、连词、形容词、副词等,用法灵活且功能多样。

一、that作为代词(Pronoun)

代词词性的that主要用于“指代前文内容、替代名词”,避免重复,分为指示代词和关系代词两类。

1. 指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun)

指代“前文提到的单数名词、不可数名词或整个句子/情况”,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,意为“那个;那件事;那种情况”。

作主语:指代单数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。

例:This book is interesting, but that is more educational.(这本书很有趣,但那本更有教育意义。——that指代前文的“book”,作主语)

例:The weather in Beijing is dry, and that of Shanghai is humid.(北京的天气干燥,上海的(天气)潮湿。——that指代不可数名词“weather”,避免重复)

作宾语:指代前文内容,可作动词或介词的宾语。

例:I bought a new phone yesterday. Do you want to see that?(我昨天买了部新手机,你想看看吗?——that指代“new phone”,作see的宾语)

例:She told me she would come, and I believe that.(她告诉我她会来,我相信这件事。——that指代“she would come”整个句子,作believe的宾语)

作表语:用于be动词后,确认身份或指代前文情况。

例:A: Is this the key to the door? B: Yes, that is.(A:这是门的钥匙吗?B:对,就是它。——that指代“the key”,作表语)

例:The problem is that we don’t have enough time.(问题是我们没有足够的时间。——that指代“we don’t have enough time”,作表语)

2. 关系代词(Relative Pronoun)

引导限制性定语从句,指代前文的“单数名词或不可数名词”(先行词),在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。注意:当that在从句中作宾语时,可省略。

作主语:从句谓语动词的单复数需与先行词一致。

例:The man that is standing by the window is my father.(站在窗边的那个男人是我爸爸。——that指代先行词“the man”,在从句中作主语,不可省略)

例:The food that smells good is usually delicious.(闻起来香的食物通常很好吃。——that指代“the food”,作从句主语)

作宾语:可省略,不影响句子完整性。

例:The movie (that) we watched last night was amazing.(我们昨晚看的那部电影太棒了。——that指代“the movie”,在从句中作watched的宾语,可省略)

例:This is the gift (that) my friend gave me for my birthday.(这是我朋友给我的生日礼物。——that作gave的宾语,可省略)

作表语:通常用于先行词是“the one, someone, anyone”等表身份的词时,可省略。

例:He is not the boy (that) he used to be.(他不再是以前那个男孩了。——that指代“the boy”,在从句中作表语,可省略)

二、that作为连词(Conjunction)

连词词性的that主要用于引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),无实际含义,仅起连接作用,部分情况下可省略。

1. 引导主语从句(Subject Clause)

that引导的主语从句位于句首时,that不可省略;若用it作形式主语,将从句后置,that可省略(但正式语境中保留更规范)。

例:That he passed the exam made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他父母很开心。——that引导主语从句,位于句首,不可省略)

例:It is important (that) we should learn to be independent.(我们学会独立是很重要的。——it作形式主语,从句后置,that可省略)

2. 引导宾语从句(Object Clause)

that引导的宾语从句作动词、介词(除except, in, but外)的宾语时,that通常可省略;但当从句较长、有多个并列从句或表达强调时,that不可省略。

作动词宾语(可省略):

例:I think (that) you are right.(我认为你是对的。——that作think的宾语,可省略)

例:She said (that) she would visit us next week.(她说她下周会来看我们。——that作said的宾语,可省略)

多个并列从句(不可省略):

例:He told me (that) he had finished his homework and that he would go out for a walk.(他告诉我他已经做完作业了,还说他要出去散步。——第一个that可省略,第二个that连接并列从句,不可省略,避免歧义)

作介词宾语(仅except/in/but后可接that从句):

例:I know nothing about him except that he is from Canada.(我对他一无所知,只知道他来自加拿大。——except后接that从句,that不可省略)

3. 引导表语从句(Predicate Clause)

that引导的表语从句位于be动词、系动词(如seem, look, remain)后,that不可省略。

例:The fact is that he didn’t tell the truth.(事实是他没有说实话。——that引导表语从句,不可省略)

例:It seems that it will rain this afternoon.(看起来今天下午会下雨。——that引导表语从句,不可省略)

4. 引导同位语从句(Appositive Clause)

that引导的同位语从句用于“解释说明先行词(通常是抽象名词,如fact, news, idea, suggestion, truth等)的具体内容”,that不可省略,且在从句中不充当成分。

例:We heard the news that our team won the game.(我们听到了我们队赢了比赛的消息。——that从句解释“news”的内容,不可省略)

例:He put forward the suggestion that we should hold a meeting to discuss the problem.(他提出了我们应该开个会讨论这个问题的建议。——that从句解释“suggestion”的内容,不可省略)

三、that作为形容词(Adjective)

that作形容词时,仅用于修饰“单数可数名词”,意为“那个;那”,用于特指前文提到或双方都知道的人或事物,相当于“the + 单数名词”,不可修饰复数或不可数名词。

例:That girl over there is my classmate.(那边那个女孩是我的同学。——that修饰单数名词“girl”,特指“那边的女孩”)

例:Do you remember that day we went to the park?(你还记得我们去公园的那一天吗?——that修饰“day”,特指“去公园的那天”)

注意:修饰复数名词需用“those”,不可用that;修饰不可数名词需用“that”(作代词),而非形容词,如“that water”(错误,应为the water或that(代词)water)。

四、that作为副词(Adverb)

that作副词时,是口语化用法,意为“那样;那么”,用于修饰形容词或副词,相当于“so”,仅用于非正式语境,正式书面语中较少使用。

例:The movie was that interesting that I watched it twice.(那部电影太有趣了,我看了两遍。——that修饰形容词“interesting”,相当于so)

例:He didn’t run that fast, so he didn’t win the race.(他跑得没那么快,所以没赢得比赛。——that修饰副词“fast”,相当于so)

五、that的核心短语及固定搭配

除单独使用外,that还常与其他词构成固定短语,含义和用法需单独记忆,以下是最常用的10个短语:

1. so that(以便;为了;结果)

引导目的状语从句时,意为“以便,为了”,从句中常含can, could, may, might等情态动词;

例:She studies hard so that she can get good grades.(她努力学习是为了能取得好成绩。——目的状语从句)

引导结果状语从句时,意为“结果,以至于”,从句前常无逗号,且不含情态动词;

例:He was so tired so that he fell asleep immediately.(他太累了,以至于马上就睡着了。——结果状语从句)

2. such that(如此……以至于)

引导结果状语从句,结构为“such + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + that从句”,强调“名词的特征”,与“so + 形容词/副词 + that从句”区别在于修饰对象不同(such修饰名词,so修饰形容词/副词)。

例:It was such a cold day that we stayed at home.(天气太冷了,我们只好待在家里。——such修饰名词“a cold day”)

例:They are such kind people that everyone likes them.(他们是如此善良的人,以至于每个人都喜欢他们。——such修饰名词“kind people”)

3. in order that(为了;以便)

引导目的状语从句,含义与“so that”(目的)基本一致,但语气更正式,从句中常含can, could, will, would等情态动词,可与“in order to + 动词原形”转换。

例:We got up early in order that we could catch the first bus.(我们早起是为了能赶上第一班公交车。——可转换为“We got up early in order to catch the first bus.”)

4. now that(既然;由于)

引导原因状语从句,意为“既然,由于”,强调“已知的、显而易见的原因”,从句可位于句首或句中,that可省略(口语中常用now代替now that)。

例:Now that you know the truth, you should make a decision.(既然你知道了真相,就应该做决定了。——that可省略,即“Now you know the truth...”)

例:We can go out for a walk now that the rain has stopped.(既然雨停了,我们可以出去散步了。)

5. on condition that(如果;在……条件下)

引导条件状语从句,意为“如果,在……条件下”,相当于“as long as”,语气比“if”更正式,强调“双方约定的条件”。

例:I will help you on condition that you finish your homework first.(我会帮你,条件是你先完成作业。)

例:He agreed to join us on condition that he could leave early.(他同意加入我们,前提是他能早点走。)

6. provided (that) / providing (that)(如果;假如)

引导条件状语从句,意为“如果,假如”,与“on condition that”“as long as”含义相近,that可省略,provided比providing更正式。

例:You can use my computer provided (that) you keep it clean.(你可以用我的电脑,只要你保持干净。)

例:Providing (that) the weather is good, we will have a picnic this weekend.(如果天气好,我们这周末就去野餐。)

7. in that(因为;在于)

引导原因状语从句,意为“因为,在于”,用于解释“前文观点的原因或依据”,语气较正式,不可与“because”完全替换(in that更强调“从某个方面解释”,because强调直接原因)。

例:She is different from her sister in that she is more outgoing.(她和她姐姐不同,因为她更外向。——解释“不同”的具体方面)

例:This book is valuable in that it provides a lot of practical advice.(这本书很有价值,因为它提供了很多实用的建议。)

8. so...that...(如此……以至于)

引导结果状语从句,结构为“so + 形容词/副词 + that从句”,强调“形容词或副词所描述的程度”,与“such...that...”的区别在于修饰对象(so修饰形容词/副词,such修饰名词)。

例:He ran so fast that no one could catch up with him.(他跑得太快了,没人能追上他。——so修饰副词“fast”)

例:The girl is so beautiful that everyone looks at her.(那个女孩太漂亮了,所有人都看着她。——so修饰形容词“beautiful”)

9. that is (to say)(也就是说;即)

用于“解释、补充说明前文内容”,相当于“in other words”,可缩写为“i.e.”,常用于口语和书面语,前后常用逗号隔开。

例:He will come back next month, that is (to say), in May.(他下个月回来,也就是说,在五月份。——补充说明“next month”的具体时间)

例:She speaks three languages, that is, English, French and Spanish.(她会说三种语言,即英语、法语和西班牙语。——列举具体语言)

10. all that(所有那些;所……的一切)

“all”是先行词,“that”是关系代词,引导限制性定语从句,意为“所有那些;所……的一切”,that在从句中可作主语或宾语,不可用which替换(先行词是all时,关系代词只能用that)。

例:All that he said is true.(他所说的一切都是真的。——that指代“all”,在从句中作said的宾语)

例:We should cherish all that we have now.(我们应该珍惜现在所拥有的一切。——that在从句中作have的宾语)

六、常见易错点总结

1. that与which的区别:引导限制性定语从句时,先行词是“all, everything, nothing, something”等不定代词,或被“the only, the very, 序数词, 最高级”修饰时,只能用that,不能用which;非限制性定语从句(用逗号隔开)只能用which,不能用that。

例:This is the only book that I need.(正确,先行词被the only修饰,用that)

例:She bought a new dress, which is very beautiful.(正确,非限制性定语从句,用which)

2. that的省略问题:作关系代词且在从句中作宾语时可省略;作连词引导宾语从句时可省略(多从句时第二个that不可省);引导主语从句(句首)、表语从句、同位语从句时不可省略。

3. that与this的区别:that指代“远处或前文的事物”,this指代“近处或后文的事物”,如“This is a pen, and that is a pencil.”(这是一支钢笔,那是一支铅笔。)

英语基础