[1]一般现在时 do/does

一般现在时是英语中最基础、最常用的时态之一,核心功能是描述“当前习惯性、规律性的动作”“客观事实或真理”“当前的状态或特征”,以及用于“计划或安排好的未来动作”(常见于时间/条件状语从句)。它不强调动作“正在进行”或“已经完成”,而是聚焦于“常态”或“客观存在”。

明确一般现在时的适用场景,是正确使用的关键,主要包括以下四类:

场景1:习惯性、经常性的动作(常搭配频度副词,如always, usually, often, sometimes, never等);

场景2:客观事实、真理或普遍规律(不受时间限制,永远成立的情况);

场景3:当前的状态、特征或能力(描述主语现在的性质、状态或具备的能力);

场景4:计划好的未来动作(仅用于时间状语从句/条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时,遵循“主将从现”原则)。

句子结构(重点:第三人称单数变化)

一般现在时的结构分为“肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句”,核心变化集中在谓语动词——当主语是“第三人称单数”(he/she/it/单数名词/不可数名词)时,谓语动词需加“-s/-es”,其他主语(第一/二人称单复数、第三人称复数)用动词原形。

(1)肯定句结构

主语(非三单)+ 动词原形 + 其他,例:I play basketball every weekend.(我每周打篮球。)

主语(三单)+ 动词三单形式 + 其他,例:He plays basketball every weekend.(他每周打篮球。)

(2)动词三单变化规则

一般动词直接加“-s”:play→plays, work→works;

以“s/x/ch/sh/o”结尾的动词加“-es”:pass→passes, fix→fixes, watch→watches, wash→washes, go→goes;

以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变“y”为“i”加“-es”:study→studies, worry→worries;

特殊变化:have→has, be动词(am/is/are)根据主语变化(I用am,you/we/they用are,he/she/it用is)。

(3)否定句/疑问句结构

否定句:主语 + don’t/doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他(三单用doesn’t,非三单用don’t);例:I don’t like coffee. / He doesn’t like coffee.

一般疑问句:Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?(三单用Does,非三单用Do);例:Do you live here? / Does she live here?

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?例:Where do you work? / What does he do?

一、描述习惯性、经常性的动作(配频度副词)

1. I usually get up at 7 o’clock every morning.(我通常每天早上7点起床。主语“I”非三单,动词用原形,频度副词“usually”表习惯)

2. She often goes to the gym after work to keep fit.(她经常下班后去健身房健身。主语“she”三单,动词“go”变“goes”,频度副词“often”)

3. They sometimes have dinner at their grandparents’ house on Sundays.(他们有时周日在祖父母家吃晚饭。主语“they”非三单,动词用原形,频度副词“sometimes”)

4. My father always reads a newspaper before going to bed.(我爸爸睡前总是看报纸。主语“my father”三单,动词“read”变“reads”,频度副词“always”)

5. We never eat fast food because it’s not healthy.(我们从不吃快餐,因为它不健康。主语“we”非三单,动词用原形,频度副词“never”)

6. Tom plays the guitar for an hour every evening.(汤姆每天晚上弹一小时吉他。主语“Tom”三单,动词“play”变“plays”,时间状语“every evening”表规律)

7. I take the bus to work from Monday to Friday.(我周一到周五坐公交上班。主语“I”非三单,动词用原形,时间状语“from Monday to Friday”表经常性)

8. Her mother cooks breakfast for the family every day.(她妈妈每天给家人做早餐。主语“her mother”三单,动词“cook”变“cooks”,时间状语“every day”)

9. They visit their friends in another city once a month.(他们每月去另一个城市拜访朋友一次。主语“they”非三单,动词用原形,频度短语“once a month”)

10. He doesn’t watch TV on weekdays—he only watches it on weekends.(他工作日不看电视,只在周末看。否定句,主语“he”三单,用“doesn’t + 原形watch”,表习惯的否定)

二、描述客观事实、真理或普遍规律

1. The earth goes around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。客观真理,主语“the earth”三单,动词“go”变“goes”)

2. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.(在海平面,水在100摄氏度沸腾。客观规律,主语“water”不可数(三单),动词“boil”变“boils”)

3. Light travels faster than sound.(光比声音传播得快。客观真理,主语“light”不可数(三单),动词“travel”变“travels”)

4. Plants need sunlight, water and air to grow.(植物生长需要阳光、水和空气。普遍规律,主语“plants”复数,动词用原形“need”)

5. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(太阳从东方升起,西方落下。客观事实,主语“the sun”三单,动词“rise”变“rises”,“set”变“sets”)

6. Two plus two equals four.(2加2等于4。数学真理,主语“two plus two”视为单数,动词“equal”变“equals”)

7. Fish can’t live without water.(鱼离开水不能活。普遍规律,主语“fish”单复数同形(此处表泛指,视为复数),用“can’t + 原形live”)

8. Winter comes after autumn every year.(每年秋天之后是冬天。季节规律,主语“winter”三单,动词“come”变“comes”)

9. Human beings breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.(人类吸入氧气,呼出二氧化碳。生理规律,主语“human beings”复数,动词用原形“breathe”)

10. A year has twelve months.(一年有12个月。客观事实,主语“a year”三单,动词“have”变“has”)

三、描述当前的状态、特征或能力

1. My sister is a teacher—she works in a primary school.(我妹妹是一名老师,她在一所小学工作。描述当前职业(状态),主语“my sister”三单,用“is”)

2. This book looks interesting—I want to read it.(这本书看起来很有趣,我想读它。描述当前特征(外观),主语“this book”三单,动词“look”变“looks”)

3. I know how to speak a little French.(我会说一点法语。描述当前能力,主语“I”非三单,动词用原形“know”)

4. The soup tastes delicious—did you make it?(这汤尝起来很美味,是你做的吗?描述当前特征(味道),主语“the soup”三单,动词“taste”变“tastes”)

5. They live in a small town near the mountains.(他们住在靠近山区的一个小镇上。描述当前居住状态,主语“they”非三单,动词用原形“live”)

6. He has a big family—his parents and three siblings.(他有一个大家庭,包括他的父母和三个兄弟姐妹。描述当前拥有的状态,主语“he”三单,动词“have”变“has”)

7. The room feels warm because the heater is on.(房间感觉很暖和,因为暖气开着。描述当前感受(温度),主语“the room”三单,动词“feel”变“feels”)

8. She speaks three languages fluently: Chinese, English and Japanese.(她能流利地说三种语言:中文、英文和日文。描述当前语言能力,主语“she”三单,动词“speak”变“speaks”)

9. This computer doesn’t work—can you help me fix it?(这台电脑坏了,你能帮我修一下吗?描述当前状态(故障),否定句,主语“this computer”三单,用“doesn’t + 原形work”)

10. The flowers in the garden smell sweet in spring.(春天花园里的花闻起来很香。描述当前特征(气味),主语“the flowers”复数,动词用原形“smell”)

四、描述计划好的未来动作(时间/条件状语从句,主将从现)

1. I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport tomorrow.(明天我一到机场就给你打电话。时间状语从句“as soon as...”表未来,用一般现在时“arrive”,主句用将来时“will call”)

2. If it rains this weekend, we won’t go hiking.(如果这周末下雨,我们就不去徒步了。条件状语从句“if...”表未来,用一般现在时“rains”,主句用将来时“won’t go”)

3. She will start her new job when she graduates from college next year.(明年她大学毕业时,就会开始新工作。时间状语从句“when...”表未来,用一般现在时“graduates”,主句用将来时“will start”)

4. We will have a picnic in the park if the weather is nice on Sunday.(如果周日天气好,我们就去公园野餐。条件状语从句“if...”表未来,用一般现在时“is”,主句用将来时“will have”)

5. He will tell you the truth when he sees you.(他见到你时会告诉你真相。时间状语从句“when...”表未来,用一般现在时“sees”,主句用将来时“will tell”)

6. The train leaves at 8 a.m. tomorrow—we need to get up early.(火车明天早上8点发车,我们需要早起。表“按时刻表计划好的未来动作”,用一般现在时“leaves”,无需将来时)

7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam next month.(如果你努力学习,下个月就能通过考试。条件状语从句“if...”表未来,用一般现在时“study”,主句用将来时“will pass”)

8. They will move to a new house after they sell their old one.(他们卖掉老房子后,就会搬到新房子里。时间状语从句“after...”表未来,用一般现在时“sell”,主句用将来时“will move”)

9. The concert starts at 7 p.m. tonight—don’t be late.(音乐会今晚7点开始,别迟到。表“按计划好的未来时间”,用一般现在时“starts”)

10. I will help you with your homework if I have time this evening.(如果我今晚有时间,就帮你辅导作业。条件状语从句“if...”表未来,用一般现在时“have”,主句用将来时“will help”)

五、常见易错点提醒

1. 三单动词漏加“-s/-es”:主语是“he/she/it/单数名词”时,务必检查动词变化(如“he go”→错误,应为“he goes”);

2. 客观真理误用其他时态:即使描述过去的场景,若涉及真理,仍用一般现在时(如“Yesterday, our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.”——“goes”不可改为“went”);

3. “主将从现”混淆:时间/条件状语从句中,不可用“will+动词原形”,需用一般现在时(如“If it will rain...”→错误,应为“If it rains...”);

4. 状态动词误用进行时:表“拥有、知道、喜欢”等状态的动词(have, know, like, want),不可用现在进行时,需用一般现在时(如“I am knowing him”→错误,应为“I know him”)。

英语基础