短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短

短语(Phrase)是由两个或多个单词组合而成、具有特定含义但不包含完整主谓结构的语言单位,它不能独立构成句子(因缺少谓语动词或主语),但可在句子中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等成分,是构建复杂句子的基础。根据核心词的词性,短语主要分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等类别。

一、名词短语(Noun Phrase, NP):以名词为核心,表“人/事/物”

名词短语的核心是名词(如book, student),前后可搭配定语(形容词、代词、数词、介词短语等),整体在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语等,回答“谁”“什么”的问题。

核心结构:定语(形容词/代词/数词等)+ 名词 + 后置定语(介词短语/分词短语等)

例:a beautiful girl(一个漂亮的女孩)、the book on the desk(桌子上的书)

1. A small white cat is sleeping on the sofa.(一只小白猫正在沙发上睡觉。“A small white cat”是名词短语,作主语,核心词“cat”前有形容词“small white”作定语)

2. She bought a new pair of shoes for her mother.(她给妈妈买了一双新鞋。“a new pair of shoes”是名词短语,作宾语,核心词“pair”前有形容词“new”,后接介词短语“of shoes”)

3. My best friend will visit me next weekend.(我最好的朋友下周末会来看我。“My best friend”是名词短语,作主语,核心词“friend”前有代词“my”和形容词“best”)

4. The teacher praised the students who worked hard in class.(老师表扬了课堂上努力的学生。“the students who worked hard”是名词短语,作宾语,核心词“students”后接定语从句“who worked hard”)

5. Three red apples are enough for our snack.(三个红苹果够我们当零食了。“Three red apples”是名词短语,作主语,核心词“apples”前有数词“Three”和形容词“red”)

6. He dreams of becoming a famous scientist in the future.(他梦想未来成为一名著名的科学家。“a famous scientist”是名词短语,作宾语,核心词“scientist”前有形容词“famous”)

7. The story about a brave boy touched everyone’s heart.(那个关于勇敢男孩的故事打动了每个人的心。“The story about a brave boy”是名词短语,作主语,核心词“story”后接介词短语“about a brave boy”)

8. I need to find my lost key before going out.(我出门前需要找到我丢失的钥匙。“my lost key”是名词短语,作宾语,核心词“key”前有代词“my”和形容词“lost”)

9. The tall building next to the park was built last year.(公园旁边的那栋高楼是去年建的。“The tall building next to the park”是名词短语,作主语,核心词“building”前有形容词“tall”,后接介词短语“next to the park”)

10. They gave a wonderful performance at the school concert.(他们在学校音乐会上呈现了一场精彩的表演。“a wonderful performance”是名词短语,作宾语,核心词“performance”前有形容词“wonderful”)

二、动词短语(Verb Phrase, VP):以动词为核心,表“动作/状态”

动词短语的核心是动词(实义动词、系动词、情态动词等),可搭配助动词、情态动词、副词、介词等,整体在句子中充当谓语,回答“做什么”“是什么状态”的问题。

核心结构:助动词/情态动词 + 实义动词 + 副词/介词短语等

例:can speak English(会说英语)、look after the baby(照顾宝宝)、has finished homework(完成了作业)

1. She can play the piano very well.(她钢琴弹得很好。“can play the piano”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“play”前有情态动词“can”,后接宾语“the piano”)

2. They have lived in this city for five years.(他们在这座城市住了五年了。“have lived in this city”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“lived”前有助动词“have”,后接介词短语“in this city”)

3. The children are playing happily in the garden.(孩子们正在花园里开心地玩耍。“are playing happily”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“playing”前有助动词“are”,后接副词“happily”)

4. He must finish his work before 5 p.m.(他必须在下午5点前完成工作。“must finish his work”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“finish”前有情态动词“must”,后接宾语“his work”)

5. We look forward to meeting you at the party.(我们期待在派对上见到你。“look forward to meeting you”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“look forward to”后接动名词“meeting you”,为固定搭配)

6. My mother cooks delicious food for our family every day.(我妈妈每天给家人做美味的食物。“cooks delicious food”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“cooks”后接宾语“delicious food”)

7. The old man walks slowly in the park every morning.(这位老人每天早上在公园里慢慢散步。“walks slowly”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“walks”后接副词“slowly”)

8. She will go shopping with her sister this weekend.(她这周末会和姐姐去购物。“will go shopping”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“go shopping”前有助动词“will”,为固定搭配)

9. The students listen carefully to the teacher in class.(学生们在课堂上认真听老师讲课。“listen carefully to the teacher”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“listen”后接副词“carefully”和介词短语“to the teacher”)

10. He has given up smoking since last month.(他从上个月起就戒烟了。“has given up smoking”是动词短语,作谓语,核心词“given up”前有助动词“has”,后接动名词“smoking”,为固定搭配)

三、形容词短语(Adjective Phrase, AdjP):以形容词为核心,表“特征/性质”

形容词短语的核心是形容词(如happy, beautiful),前后可搭配副词(表程度)、介词短语(补充说明)等,整体在句子中充当定语(修饰名词)、表语(跟在系动词后)或宾语补足语,回答“怎么样”的问题。

核心结构:副词(程度)+ 形容词 + 介词短语/不定式等

例:very happy(非常开心)、good at English(擅长英语)、easy to learn(容易学)

1. The girl with long hair is very kind and friendly.(那个长头发的女孩非常善良友好。“very kind and friendly”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词“kind and friendly”前有程度副词“very”)

2. This is a book easy to understand for primary school students.(这是一本小学生容易理解的书。“easy to understand”是形容词短语,作定语,修饰名词“book”,核心词“easy”后接不定式“to understand”)

3. The movie we watched yesterday was really interesting.(我们昨天看的电影真的很有趣。“really interesting”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词“interesting”前有程度副词“really”)

4. She is good at playing basketball and often joins matches.(她擅长打篮球,经常参加比赛。“good at playing basketball”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词“good”后接介词短语“at playing basketball”)

5. He bought a jacket warm enough for the winter.(他买了一件足够暖和的冬天穿的夹克。“warm enough”是形容词短语,作定语,修饰名词“jacket”,核心词“warm”后接副词“enough”表程度)

6. The flowers in the garden are so beautiful that everyone stops to look.(花园里的花如此漂亮,以至于每个人都停下来看。“so beautiful”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词“beautiful”前有程度副词“so”)

7. My teacher told me to be more careful with my homework.(老师告诉我写作业要更细心。“more careful”是形容词短语,作宾语补足语,核心词“careful”前有比较级副词“more”)

8. The water in the lake is clean and clear all year round.(湖里的水全年都清澈干净。“clean and clear”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词为并列形容词“clean and clear”)

9. This is a problem difficult to solve without teamwork.(这是一个没有团队合作就难以解决的问题。“difficult to solve”是形容词短语,作定语,修饰名词“problem”,核心词“difficult”后接不定式“to solve”)

10. She felt a little sad when she heard the bad news.(听到这个坏消息时,她感到有点难过。“a little sad”是形容词短语,作表语,核心词“sad”前有程度短语“a little”)

四、副词短语(Adverb Phrase, AdvP):以副词为核心,表“时间/地点/方式/程度”

副词短语的核心是副词(如quickly, here),前后可搭配其他副词(表程度)、介词短语等,整体在句子中充当状语,修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,回答“何时”“何地”“如何”“到什么程度”的问题。

核心结构:副词(程度)+ 副词 + 介词短语等

例:very quickly(非常快地)、right here(就在这里)、in the morning(在早上,虽以介词开头,但功能等同于副词,也归为副词短语)

1. He runs very quickly in the school sports meeting.(他在学校运动会上跑得非常快。“very quickly”是副词短语,作状语,修饰动词“runs”,核心词“quickly”前有程度副词“very”)

2. They will meet at the bus station tomorrow morning.(他们明天早上会在公交车站见面。“at the bus station”是副词短语,作状语,表地点,修饰动词“meet”)

3. She finished her homework quite early today.(她今天很早就完成了作业。“quite early”是副词短语,作状语,表时间,修饰动词“finished”,核心词“early”前有程度副词“quite”)

4. The children played happily in the park all afternoon.(孩子们整个下午都在公园里开心地玩耍。“happily in the park”是副词短语,作状语,表方式和地点,修饰动词“played”)

5. He speaks English so fluently that his foreign friends are surprised.(他英语说得如此流利,以至于他的外国朋友都很惊讶。“so fluently”是副词短语,作状语,修饰动词“speaks”,核心词“fluently”前有程度副词“so”)

6. We usually go for a walk after dinner in the evening.(我们晚上通常晚饭后去散步。“after dinner”是副词短语,作状语,表时间,修饰动词“go”)

7. The rain stopped suddenly just before we left home.(就在我们出门前,雨突然停了。“suddenly”是简单副词短语,作状语,修饰动词“stopped”,表方式)

8. She sang more beautifully than any other girl in the competition.(她在比赛中唱得比其他任何女孩都好。“more beautifully”是副词短语,作状语,修饰动词“sang”,核心词“beautifully”前有比较级副词“more”)

9. They worked hard all day to finish the project on time.(他们一整天都努力工作,以按时完成项目。“hard all day”是副词短语,作状语,表方式和时间,修饰动词“worked”)

10. The teacher explained the problem very clearly to the students.(老师非常清楚地给学生们讲解了这个问题。“very clearly”是副词短语,作状语,修饰动词“explained”,核心词“clearly”前有程度副词“very”)

五、介词短语(Prepositional Phrase, PrepP):以介词为核心,表“关系”

介词短语的核心是介词(如in, on, with),后接名词/代词/动名词(构成“介词宾语”),整体在句子中充当定语、状语、表语等,主要表示“时间、地点、方式、所属”等关系。

核心结构:介词 + 介词宾语(名词/代词/动名词)

例:in the room(在房间里)、with a pen(用一支笔)、about the movie(关于这部电影)

1. The book on the shelf is my favorite novel.(书架上的那本书是我最喜欢的小说。“on the shelf”是介词短语,作定语,修饰名词“book”,表地点)

2. She writes a diary every night before going to bed.(她每天晚上睡觉前写日记。“every night before going to bed”是介词短语,作状语,表时间,修饰动词“writes”)

3. The girl with long black hair is my classmate.(那个留着黑色长发的女孩是我的同学。“with long black hair”是介词短语,作定语,修饰名词“girl”,表特征)

4. We traveled to Beijing by train last summer.(去年夏天我们乘火车去了北京。“by train”是介词短语,作状语,表方式,修饰动词“traveled”)

5. The meeting about environmental protection will be held in the conference room.(关于环境保护的会议将在会议室举行。“in the conference room”是介词短语,作状语,表地点,修饰动词“held”)

6. This gift is for my best friend on her birthday.(这个礼物是给我最好的朋友的生日礼物。“for my best friend”是介词短语,作表语,表对象)

7. He solved the math problem with his teacher’s help.(在老师的帮助下,他解出了这道数学题。“with his teacher’s help”是介词短语,作状语,表方式,修饰动词“solved”)

8. The cat is sleeping under the sofa in the living room.(猫正在客厅的沙发底下睡觉。“under the sofa”是介词短语,作状语,表地点,修饰动词“sleeping”)

9. She is interested in reading science fiction books.(她对读科幻小说感兴趣。“in reading science fiction books”是介词短语,作表语,表对象,核心词“interested”后接固定搭配“in”)

10. They will have a picnic in the park this weekend if the weather is good.(如果天气好,他们这周末会在公园里野餐。“in the park”是介词短语,作状语,表地点,修饰动词“have”)

英语基础