强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句

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在英语中，“特殊句子结构”指突破“主谓宾/主系表”常规语序或逻辑的句式，核心功能是强调、倒装、省略、虚拟等，以增强表达效果或满足特定语境需求。以下按强调句型、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句四大高频类型。

一、强调句型：突出句子某一成分（主语、宾语、状语等）

强调句型的核心结构是 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子剩余部分，本质是通过固定框架“聚焦”某一成分，去掉框架后句子仍完整（这是与定语从句的关键区别）。

关键规则：

1. 被强调部分是人时，可用“who”或“that”；是物/时间/地点/原因等时，只能用“that”；

2. 时态由“被强调部分的动作时间”决定：过去时间用“was”，现在/将来时间用“is”；

3. 不可强调谓语动词（需用“do/does/did”强调谓语）。

强调句型例句：

1. It is my mother who/that cooks dinner for the family every day.（是我妈妈每天给家人做晚饭。强调主语“my mother”，人作强调部分，可用who/that）

2. It was last week that I met my old friend in the supermarket.（我是上周在超市遇到我的老朋友的。强调时间状语“last week”，用that）

3. It is English that I am going to study in the evening class.（我要在夜校学习的是英语。强调宾语“English”，物作强调部分，用that）

4. It was in the park that we had a picnic with our classmates.（我们是在公园和同学们野餐的。强调地点状语“in the park”，用that）

5. It is because he worked hard that he passed the exam successfully.（他之所以能顺利通过考试，是因为他努力学习。强调原因状语“because he worked hard”，用that）

6. It was Tom who/that helped me fix my broken computer yesterday.（昨天帮我修坏电脑的是汤姆。强调主语“Tom”，人作强调部分，过去时用was）

7. It is this book that I want to borrow from the library.（我想从图书馆借的就是这本书。强调宾语“this book”，用that）

8. It was at 8 o’clock this morning that the meeting started.（会议是今天早上8点开始的。强调时间状语“at 8 o’clock this morning”，用that）

9. It is my brother who/that will take me to the airport tomorrow.（明天会送我去机场的是我哥哥。强调主语“my brother”，将来时用is）

10. It was with the help of my teacher that I improved my math grades.（我是在老师的帮助下提高数学成绩的。强调方式状语“with the help of my teacher”，用that）

二、倒装句：颠倒“主语+谓语”常规语序

倒装句分为完全倒装（谓语全部置于主语前）和部分倒装（助动词/情态动词/系动词置于主语前，实义动词仍在主语后），核心目的是强调、平衡句子结构或满足语法规则（如否定词开头）。

完全倒装：常见于“地点状语/时间状语开头+谓语（be/come/go/lie等）+主语（名词）”，主语是代词时不倒装；

部分倒装：常见于“否定词开头（never, hardly等）、only+状语开头、so/such...that结构”等场景。

1. 完全倒装例句（谓语全在主语前）：

1. On the wall hangs a beautiful painting of the mountains.（墙上挂着一幅漂亮的山景画。地点状语“On the wall”开头，主语“a beautiful painting”是名词，完全倒装）

2. Here comes the bus! Hurry up!（公交车来了！快点！地点状语“Here”开头，主语“the bus”是名词，完全倒装）

3. Under the tree sat an old man reading a newspaper.（树下坐着一位看报纸的老人。地点状语“Under the tree”开头，主语“an old man”是名词，完全倒装）

4. There stands a tall building in front of our school.（我们学校前面矗立着一栋高楼。“There be/stand/lie”句型本质是完全倒装，表“某地有某物”）

5. Out rushed the children when the bell rang.（铃声一响，孩子们就冲了出去。方位副词“Out”开头，主语“the children”是名词，完全倒装）

6. In the distance lies a small village surrounded by green fields.（远处有一个被绿地环绕的小村庄。地点状语“In the distance”开头，主语“a small village”是名词，完全倒装）

7. Here are the books you asked for yesterday.（这些是你昨天要的书。地点状语“Here”开头，主语“the books”是名词，完全倒装）

8. Down fell the rain as soon as we left home.（我们一出门，雨就下了起来。方位副词“Down”开头，主语“the rain”是名词，完全倒装）

9. On the table are some fresh fruits and a cup of tea.（桌子上有一些新鲜水果和一杯茶。地点状语“On the table”开头，主语“some fresh fruits...”是名词，完全倒装）

10. There lies a big lake in the center of the city.（城市中心有一个大湖。“There lie”句型，完全倒装表存在）

2. 部分倒装例句（助动词/情态动词在主语前）：

1. Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset before.（我以前从未见过这么美的日落。否定词“Never”开头，部分倒装，助动词“have”置于主语“I”前）

2. Only by working hard can we achieve our dreams.（只有努力工作，我们才能实现梦想。“Only+方式状语”开头，部分倒装，情态动词“can”置于主语“we”前）

3. Hardly had he finished his homework when his mom called him.（他刚做完作业，妈妈就打电话给他了。否定词“Hardly”开头，部分倒装，助动词“had”置于主语“he”前）

4. So fast does he run that no one in his class can catch up with him.（他跑得太快了，班里没人能追上他。“So+副词”开头表强调，部分倒装，助动词“does”置于主语“he”前）

5. Not only is she good at English, but she also excels in math.（她不仅英语好，数学也很优秀。否定短语“Not only”开头，部分倒装，系动词“is”置于主语“she”前）

6. Seldom do they go to the cinema because they are too busy.（他们很少去看电影，因为太忙了。否定词“Seldom”开头，部分倒装，助动词“do”置于主语“they”前）

7. Only when we understand each other can we build a good relationship.（只有当我们互相理解，才能建立良好的关系。“Only+时间状语从句”开头，部分倒装，情态动词“can”置于主语“we”前）

8. Such a clever boy is he that he solves math problems quickly.（他是个如此聪明的男孩，能快速解出数学题。“Such+名词短语”开头表强调，部分倒装，系动词“is”置于主语“he”前）

9. Rarely did she eat fast food when she was a child.（她小时候很少吃快餐。否定词“Rarely”开头，过去时部分倒装，助动词“did”置于主语“she”前）

10. Not until midnight did he finish his work and go to bed.（直到午夜，他才完成工作去睡觉。否定短语“Not until”开头，部分倒装，助动词“did”置于主语“he”前）

三、省略句：省略句子中重复或不必要的成分

省略句的核心是“避免冗余”，省略的成分需能从上下文或语境中明确还原，常见于并列句、状语从句、对话场景中，主要省略主语、谓语、宾语或从句引导词。

关键规则：省略后句子语义不模糊，且符合语法逻辑（如状语从句省略时，主句主语需与从句主语一致）。

省略句例句：

1. He likes playing basketball, and his brother likes playing basketball too. → He likes playing basketball, and his brother does too.（他喜欢打篮球，他弟弟也喜欢。省略并列句中重复的谓语“likes playing basketball”，用助动词“does”代替）

2. When I was walking in the park, I met an old friend. → When walking in the park, I met an old friend.（我在公园散步时，遇到了一位老朋友。时间状语从句中，主句主语“I”与从句主语一致，省略“主语+was”）

3. A: Do you want to go to the party with me? B: Yes, I want to go to the party with you. → B: Yes, I do.（A：你想和我一起去派对吗？B：是的，我想。对话中省略重复的宾语和状语，用助动词“do”代替）

4. She is more hard-working than she was before. → She is more hard-working than before.（她比以前更努力了。比较状语从句中，省略重复的主语和系动词“she was”）

5. If it is necessary, you can call me at any time. → If necessary, you can call me at any time.（如果有必要，你可以随时给我打电话。条件状语从句中，省略“it is”，“necessary”作表语）

6. He will come to the meeting if he is invited. → He will come to the meeting if invited.（如果被邀请，他会来参加会议。条件状语从句中，主句主语“he”与从句逻辑主语一致，省略“he is”）

7. My mother told me to finish my homework first, and my mother told me to clean my room after that. → My mother told me to finish my homework first, and to clean my room after that.（妈妈让我先做完作业，然后打扫房间。并列不定式中，省略重复的“my mother told me to”，保留“to”）

8. A: Have you read this book? B: No, I have not read this book. → B: No, I haven’t.（A：你读过这本书吗？B：没有，我没读过。对话中省略重复的宾语，用缩写“haven’t”代替）

9. While we were waiting for the train, we chatted about our travel plans. → While waiting for the train, we chatted about our travel plans.（等火车时，我们聊了旅行计划。时间状语从句中，主句主语“we”与从句主语一致，省略“we were”）

10. The film is as interesting as the film was expected. → The film is as interesting as expected.（这部电影和预期的一样有趣。同级比较从句中，省略重复的主语和系动词“the film was”）

四、虚拟语气句：表达“非真实”的假设、愿望或建议

虚拟语气用于描述“与事实相反”“不可能发生”或“不确定”的情况，核心是通过谓语动词的特殊形式（如过去式、had done、would do等）体现“非真实性”，常见于条件句、愿望句、建议句中。

三大场景：

1. 对现在的虚拟：从句用“过去式（be动词用were）”，主句用“would/could/might/should + 动词原形”；

2. 对过去的虚拟：从句用“had + 过去分词”，主句用“would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词”；

3. 对将来的虚拟：从句用“过去式/should + 动词原形/were to + 动词原形”，主句用“would/could/might/should + 动词原形”。

虚拟语气句例句：

1. If I were you, I would accept this job offer.（如果我是你，我会接受这份工作邀请。对现在的虚拟：从句be动词用were，主句用would+动词原形，事实是“我不是你”）

2. She would have passed the exam if she had studied harder last month.（如果她上个月更努力学习，她就能通过考试了。对过去的虚拟：从句用had studied，主句用would have passed，事实是“她没努力，没通过”）

3. I wish I could fly like a bird.（我希望我能像鸟一样飞。愿望句虚拟：对现在的愿望，用could+动词原形，事实是“人不能飞”）

4. If it rained tomorrow, we would cancel the outdoor picnic.（如果明天下雨，我们就取消户外野餐。对将来的虚拟：从句用过去式rained，主句用would cancel，不确定是否下雨）

5. He suggested that we should attend the meeting on time.（他建议我们按时参加会议。建议句虚拟：“suggest”后接从句，用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略）

6. If I had known your address, I would have sent you a postcard when I was traveling.（如果我当时知道你的地址，我旅行时就会给你寄明信片了。对过去的虚拟：从句had known，主句would have sent，事实是“当时不知道地址”）

7. I wish I had visited my grandparents more often when they were alive.（我希望在祖父母在世时，我能多去看望他们。对过去的愿望：用had visited，事实是“过去没多看望”）

8. If we were to start early tomorrow morning, we might catch the first train.（如果我们明天早上早点出发，或许能赶上第一班火车。对将来的虚拟：从句用were to start，主句用might catch）

9. The teacher demanded that all students should hand in their homework before Friday.（老师要求所有学生周五前交作业。要求句虚拟：“demand”后接从句，用“should + 动词原形”，should可省略）

10. If he hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the project on time.（如果他没帮我，我不可能按时完成这个项目。对过去的虚拟：从句hadn’t helped，主句couldn’t have finished，事实是“他帮了我，按时完成了”）