虚拟语气：表达非真实情况的语法结构

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虚拟语气是英语中用于表达非真实情况的语法结构，核心功能是描述“与事实相反的假设、不可能实现的愿望、建议、命令或推测”，其本质是通过特殊的动词形式（如过去式、过去完成式、情态动词变形）来区分“真实”与“非真实”语境。根据表达的场景，虚拟语气可分为对现在的虚拟、对过去的虚拟、对将来的虚拟、表达愿望的虚拟、特殊句式中的虚拟五大类。

一、对现在的虚拟：描述“与当前事实相反”的假设

核心结构：

主句：主语 + would/could/might/should + 动词原形（would最常用，表“会”；could表“能”；might表“可能”；should表“应该”，较少用）

从句（if引导）：if + 主语 + 动词过去式（be动词无论主语单复数，均用“were”，口语中第一、三人称可省略为“was”，但正式语境需用“were”）

逻辑本质：假设的情况在当前不可能发生（如“我现在不是鸟，假设我是鸟”），从句是“非真实条件”，主句是“基于该条件的非真实结果”。

1. If I were a bird, I would fly to every corner of the world.（如果我是一只鸟，我会飞到世界的每个角落。事实：我不是鸟，无法飞）

2. If she had more time, she would learn to play the piano.（如果她有更多时间，她会学弹钢琴。事实：她现在没有足够时间）

3. If we lived near the sea, we could go swimming every weekend.（如果我们住在海边，我们每个周末都能去游泳。事实：我们不住在海边）

4. If he were here now, he would help us solve this problem.（如果他现在在这里，他会帮我们解决这个问题。事实：他现在不在这里）

5. If the weather were fine today, we might have a picnic in the park.（如果今天天气好，我们可能会去公园野餐。事实：今天天气不好）

6. If I knew his phone number, I would call him right now.（如果我知道他的电话号码，我现在就给他打电话。事实：我现在不知道）

7. If they spoke Chinese, they could communicate with us easily.（如果他们会说中文，他们就能轻松和我们沟通。事实：他们不会说中文）

8. If this book were cheaper, I would buy it immediately.（如果这本书更便宜，我会马上买它。事实：这本书现在不便宜）

9. If my brother were a doctor, he would treat my grandma’s illness.（如果我哥哥是医生，他会治疗我奶奶的病。事实：我哥哥不是医生）

10. If we didn’t have to work today, we would visit our grandparents.（如果我们今天不用上班，我们会去看望祖父母。事实：我们今天需要上班）

二、对过去的虚拟：描述“与过去事实相反”的假设

核心结构：

主句：主语 + would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词（“have+过去分词”表“过去的动作”）

从句（if引导）：if + 主语 + had + 过去分词（had done结构，表“过去本应发生但未发生的动作”）

逻辑本质：假设的情况发生在过去（如“昨天我没带伞，假设我昨天带了伞”），从句是“过去的非真实条件”，主句是“基于该条件本应产生的过去结果”。

1. If I had taken an umbrella yesterday, I would not have got wet.（如果昨天我带了伞，我就不会淋湿了。事实：昨天没带伞，淋湿了）

2. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.（如果她当初更努力学习，她就能通过考试了。事实：过去没努力，没通过）

3. If we had left home earlier, we would have caught the early bus.（如果我们早点出门，我们就能赶上早班车了。事实：过去出门晚，没赶上）

4. If he had told us the truth, we could have helped him.（如果他当初告诉我们真相，我们就能帮他了。事实：过去没说真相，没帮成）

5. If the rain had stopped last night, we might have gone for a walk.（如果昨晚雨停了，我们可能会去散步。事实：昨晚雨没停，没去散步）

6. If I had known you were coming, I would have prepared a big meal.（如果我早知道你要来，我会准备一顿大餐。事实：过去不知道，没准备）

7. If they had booked the hotel in advance, they would not have slept on the street.（如果他们提前订了酒店，就不会睡在大街上了。事实：过去没订，睡了大街）

8. If the driver had driven more carefully, the accident would not have happened.（如果司机当初开得更小心，事故就不会发生了。事实：过去开得不小心，出了事故）

9. If my mom had reminded me, I would have brought my homework to school.（如果妈妈当初提醒我，我就会把作业带到学校了。事实：过去没提醒，没带作业）

10. If we had visited the museum last week, we would have seen that famous painting.（如果我们上周去了博物馆，就能看到那幅名画了。事实：过去没去，没看到）

三、对将来的虚拟：描述“将来不可能/不太可能发生”的假设

核心结构（三种等价表达，可互换）：

1. 从句：if + 主语 + 动词过去式；主句：would/could/might + 动词原形

2. 从句：if + 主语 + should + 动词原形；主句：would/could/might + 动词原形（should表“万一”，可能性极低）

3. 从句：if + 主语 + were to + 动词原形；主句：would/could/might + 动词原形（were to表“计划外的意外”，最正式）

逻辑本质：假设的情况在将来发生的概率极低（如“明天不可能下雪，假设明天下雪”），从句是“将来的非真实条件”，主句是“基于该条件的非真实结果”。

1. If it snowed tomorrow, we would build a snowman in the yard.（如果明天下雪，我们会在院子里堆雪人。事实：明天不太可能下雪）

2. If she should meet her favorite singer, she might ask for a signature.（如果她万一遇到她最喜欢的歌手，她可能会要签名。事实：遇到的概率极低）

3. If we were to move to a new city next year, we would buy a big house.（如果我们明年真的要搬到新城市，我们会买一栋大房子。事实：搬家的可能性很小）

4. If he failed the interview next week, he would try again next month.（如果他下周面试失败，他会下个月再试一次。事实：假设“失败”这个低概率事件发生）

5. If the company should close down next year, many workers would lose their jobs.（如果公司明年万一倒闭，很多员工会失业。事实：公司倒闭的可能性极低）

6. If I were to win the lottery, I would travel around the world with my family.（如果我真的中了彩票，我会和家人一起环游世界。事实：中彩票的概率极低）

7. If they held a party next weekend, we would bring some gifts.（如果他们下周末真的举办派对，我们会带些礼物。事实：举办派对的可能性不大）

8. If the train should be late tomorrow, we would take a taxi instead.（如果明天火车万一晚点，我们会改坐出租车。事实：火车晚点的概率低）

9. If we were to have a holiday next month, we would visit the Great Wall.（如果我们下个月真的有假期，我们会去参观长城。事实：有假期的可能性小）

10. If she forgot her best friend’s birthday next week, she would apologize immediately.（如果她下周真的忘了闺蜜的生日，她会马上道歉。事实：忘记的概率极低）

四、表达愿望的虚拟：用“wish”引导，描述“无法实现的愿望”

核心结构（根据“愿望的时间”区分）：

对现在的愿望：wish + (that) + 主语 + 动词过去式（be动词用were）

对过去的愿望：wish + (that) + 主语 + had + 过去分词

对将来的愿望：wish + (that) + 主语 + would/could + 动词原形（表“希望某人/某物将来做某事”，但可能性低）

逻辑本质：“wish”后的从句均为“非真实愿望”，即“希望发生但实际不会发生的事”，需通过动词形式体现愿望的时间。

1. I wish I were taller than I am now.（我希望我现在能再高一点。对现在的愿望，事实：身高无法改变）

2. She wishes she had visited her grandma before she passed away.（她希望在奶奶去世前能去看看她。对过去的愿望，事实：过去没去，已无法挽回）

3. We wish the weather would be fine tomorrow.（我们希望明天天气能好起来。对将来的愿望，事实：天气不由主观控制，可能性低）

4. He wishes he knew how to play the guitar.（他希望自己会弹吉他。对现在的愿望，事实：现在不会弹）

5. I wish I hadn’t eaten so much last night.（我希望昨晚没吃那么多。对过去的愿望，事实：昨晚吃多了，已发生）

6. They wish they could live in a quiet village.（他们希望能住在一个安静的村庄里。对现在的愿望，事实：现在不住在村庄）

7. She wishes her son would study harder at school.（她希望儿子在学校能更努力学习。对将来的愿望，事实：儿子目前不努力，改变可能性低）

8. I wish I had taken that job offer last year.（我希望去年接受了那份工作邀请。对过去的愿望，事实：去年没接受，已错过）

9. He wishes he were not so busy today.（他希望自己今天没那么忙。对现在的愿望，事实：今天很忙）

10. We wish the bus would come soon.（我们希望公交车能快点来。对将来的愿望，事实：公交车是否来不由主观控制）

五、特殊句式中的虚拟：固定场景下的虚拟结构

这类虚拟语气常用于“建议、命令、要求、必要性”等场景，核心是“从句用‘should + 动词原形’，should可省略”，常见引导词有：

表建议：suggest, advise, propose, recommend

表命令：order, command

表要求：require, request, demand, ask

表必要性：it is necessary/important/essential that...

核心结构：

主语 + suggest/order/require + that + 主语 + (should) + 动词原形

It is necessary/important that + 主语 + (should) + 动词原形

1. The teacher suggested that we (should) finish our homework before class.（老师建议我们上课前完成作业。suggest后接从句，should可省略）

2. He advised that his friend (should) not invest all his money in stocks.（他建议朋友不要把所有钱都投到股票里。advise后接从句，should可省略）

3. The manager ordered that all employees (should) attend the meeting tomorrow.（经理命令所有员工明天参加会议。order后接从句，表命令，should可省略）

4. She requested that the hotel (should) keep a room for her tonight.（她要求酒店今晚为她预留一个房间。request后接从句，表要求，should可省略）

5. It is necessary that we (should) take measures to protect the environment.（我们有必要采取措施保护环境。it is necessary后接从句，should可省略）

6. The doctor recommended that he (should) exercise at least three times a week.（医生建议他每周至少锻炼三次。recommend后接从句，表建议）

7. The committee proposed that the project (should) start next month.（委员会提议项目下个月启动。propose后接从句，表提议）

8. It is important that students (should) develop good study habits.（学生培养良好的学习习惯很重要。it is important后接从句）

9. The boss demanded that the report (should) be submitted by Friday.（老板要求报告周五前提交。demand后接从句，表要求，被动语态仍用“should be done”）

10. She asked that her parents (should) allow her to go on the trip.（她要求父母允许她去旅行。ask后接“要求”类含义时，从句用虚拟，should可省略）

英语基础