[1]主语:句子所叙述的主体

在英语句子中,主语(Subject) 是句子的“核心主体”,代表“谁”或“什么”在执行动作(谓语动词),或被描述为某种状态(系动词+表语)。它是句子不可缺少的基本成分之一,通常位于句首(特殊句式如倒装句除外),决定谓语动词的人称和数(主谓一致)。

1. 功能定位:回答句子“谁做了什么”或“什么怎么样”的问题,是动作的发出者或状态的承载者。

例:She sings a song.(她唱歌。“She”是主语,回答“谁唱歌”)

例:The weather is nice.(天气很好。“The weather”是主语,回答“什么很好”)

2. 主谓一致:谓语动词的形式(单数/复数、时态)需与主语的人称、数保持一致。

例:He plays basketball.(主语He是第三人称单数,谓语用plays)

例:They play basketball.(主语They是第三人称复数,谓语用play)

3. 位置灵活:通常位于句首,特殊句式(如there be句型、倒装句)中可位于句中句末

例:There is a book on the desk.(主语a book位于be动词后)

例:On the table lies a cup.(倒装句,主语a cup位于句末)

根据主语的语法形式,可分为“名词/代词作主语”“非谓语动词作主语”“从句作主语”等类型,以下逐一讲解:

一、名词(Noun)作主语(最基础、最常见)

关键:用表示人、物、地点、抽象概念的名词(单数/复数、可数/不可数)直接作主语,是英语中最普遍的主语形式。

1. Dogs are loyal animals.(狗是忠诚的动物。“Dogs”是可数名词复数,作主语,谓语用复数are)

2. Beijing is the capital of China.(北京是中国的首都。“Beijing”是专有名词(地点),作主语,谓语用单数is)

3. Music can make people feel relaxed.(音乐能让人感到放松。“Music”是不可数名词(抽象概念),作主语,谓语用单数can make)

4. My mother cooks delicious food every weekend.(我妈妈每周都做美味的食物。“My mother”是名词短语(人),作主语,谓语用单数cooks)

5. Books open up a new world for us.(书籍为我们打开一个新世界。“Books”是可数名词复数,作主语,谓语用复数open)

6. The Great Wall is one of the most famous landmarks in the world.(长城是世界上最著名的地标之一。“The Great Wall”是专有名词(建筑),作主语,谓语用单数is)

7. Happiness comes from small things in life.(幸福来源于生活中的小事。“Happiness”是不可数名词(抽象概念),作主语,谓语用单数comes)

8. Two boys are playing football on the playground.(两个男孩正在操场上踢足球。“Two boys”是可数名词复数,作主语,谓语用复数are playing)

9. Tea is a popular drink in many countries.(茶是许多国家流行的饮品。“Tea”是不可数名词(物品),作主语,谓语用单数is)

10. Our school will hold a sports meeting next month.(我们学校下个月将举办运动会。“Our school”是名词短语(地点),作主语,谓语用单数will hold)

二、代词(Pronoun)作主语(替代名词,避免重复)

关键:用代词(人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等)替代前文出现过的名词作主语,常见的有人称代词主格(I, you, he, she, it, we, they)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)、不定代词(everyone, something, nobody等)。

1. I want to learn how to play the guitar.(我想学弹吉他。“I”是人称代词主格(第一人称单数),作主语,谓语用want)

2. They have lived in this city for 10 years.(他们已经在这座城市住了10年。“They”是人称代词主格(第三人称复数),作主语,谓语用have lived)

3. This is my new phone.(这是我的新手机。“This”是指示代词(指代单数事物),作主语,谓语用单数is)

4. Everyone should follow the traffic rules.(每个人都应该遵守交通规则。“Everyone”是不定代词(表“全部”),作主语,谓语用单数should follow)

5. She is a doctor working in a children’s hospital.(她是一名在儿童医院工作的医生。“She”是人称代词主格(第三人称单数女性),作主语,谓语用is)

6. Those are my favorite books on the shelf.(书架上那些是我最喜欢的书。“Those”是指示代词(指代复数事物),作主语,谓语用复数are)

7. It is important to protect the environment.(保护环境很重要。“It”是人称代词(指代抽象事物/形式主语),作主语,谓语用单数is)

8. We plan to go on a trip to Sanya this summer.(我们计划今年夏天去三亚旅行。“We”是人称代词主格(第一人称复数),作主语,谓语用plan)

9. Nothing can stop us from pursuing our dreams.(没有什么能阻止我们追求梦想。“Nothing”是不定代词(表“否定”),作主语,谓语用单数can stop)

10. He usually gets up at 7 o’clock in the morning.(他通常早上7点起床。“He”是人称代词主格(第三人称单数男性),作主语,谓语用gets)

三、非谓语动词作主语动名词/不定式,表动作或状态)

关键:用“动名词(V-ing)”或“不定式(to + V原形)”作主语,表“某个动作或行为”,其中动名词表“习惯性、普遍性动作”,不定式表“一次性、具体性动作”;若主语较长,常用it作形式主语,将真正主语后置(避免头重脚轻)。

1. Reading is a good way to improve vocabulary.(阅读是提升词汇量的好方法。“Reading”是动名词(表习惯性动作),作主语,谓语用单数is)

2. To learn English well requires a lot of practice.(学好英语需要大量练习。“To learn English well”是不定式(表具体目标),作主语,谓语用单数requires)

3. Swimming in the river is dangerous in summer.(夏天在河里游泳很危险。“Swimming”是动名词(表普遍性动作),作主语,谓语用单数is)

4. It is necessary to finish homework on time.(按时完成作业是必要的。“It”是形式主语真正主语“to finish homework on time”后置,避免头重脚轻)

5. Traveling around the world is my biggest dream.(环游世界是我最大的梦想。“Traveling around the world”是动名词(表抽象愿望),作主语,谓语用单数is)

6. It brings me joy to help people in need.(帮助有需要的人给我带来快乐。“It”是形式主语真正主语“to help people in need”后置)

7. Playing computer games for a long time is bad for eyes.(长时间玩电脑游戏对眼睛不好。“Playing computer games...”是动名词短语,作主语,谓语用单数is)

8. To master a foreign language takes patience and effort.(掌握一门外语需要耐心和努力。“To master a foreign language”是不定式,作主语,谓语用单数takes)

9. It is interesting to watch documentaries about nature.(看自然纪录片很有趣。“It”是形式主语,真正主语“to watch documentaries...”后置)

10. Cooking for family makes me feel warm.(给家人做饭让我感到温暖。“Cooking for family”是动名词短语(表习惯性动作),作主语,谓语用单数makes)

四、从句作主语(主语从句,表复杂语义)

关键:用“主语从句(That/Whether/特殊疑问词 + 句子)”作主语,表“一个完整的事件或观点”;由于从句较长,常用it作形式主语,将真正主语从句后置(更符合英语表达习惯)。

1. That he won the first prize surprised all his classmates.(他赢得一等奖这件事让所有同学都很惊讶。“That he won the first prize”是that引导的主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数surprised)

2. It is clear that she has prepared for the exam carefully.(很明显,她已经认真准备了考试。“It”是形式主语真正主语“that she has prepared...”后置)

3. Whether we will go for a picnic tomorrow depends on the weather.(我们明天是否去野餐取决于天气。“Whether we will go...”是whether引导的主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数depends)

4. It is unknown when the meeting will start.(会议何时开始还不清楚。“It”是形式主语,真正主语“when the meeting will start”后置)

5. What we need most now is enough rest.(我们现在最需要的是充足的休息。“What we need most now”是what引导的主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数is)

6. It is important that we should keep a balanced diet.(我们保持均衡饮食很重要。“It”是形式主语,真正主语“that we should keep...”后置)

7. Whether he will accept the job offer is still a question.(他是否会接受这份工作邀请还是个问题。“Whether he will accept...”是主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数is)

8. What she said at the meeting moved everyone present.(她在会议上说的话感动了在场的所有人。“What she said...”是what引导的主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数moved)

9. It is a pity that you can’t attend the party tonight.(很遗憾你今晚不能参加派对。“It”是形式主语,真正主语“that you can’t attend...”后置)

10. How we can solve this problem is the main topic today.(我们如何解决这个问题是今天的主要话题。“How we can solve...”是how引导的主语从句,作主语,谓语用单数is)

五、并列结构作主语(两个或多个主体并列)

关键:用“and, or, neither...nor..., either...or...等连接词”连接两个或多个名词、代词、短语作主语,主谓一致需遵循“就近原则”或“意义一致原则”:

and连接:通常视为复数,谓语用复数(若表“同一人/事物”,视为单数);

or/neither...nor.../either...or...连接:遵循“就近原则”,谓语与靠近的主语保持一致。

1. Tom and Jerry are good friends.(汤姆和杰瑞是好朋友。and连接两个名词,视为复数,谓语用are

2. Bread and milk is my usual breakfast.(面包和牛奶是我常吃的早餐。and连接两个不可数名词,表“同一餐食”,视为单数,谓语用is

3. Either you or your brother has to clean the room today.(今天要么你,要么你弟弟得打扫房间。either...or...连接,就近原则,靠近的主语your brother是单数,谓语用has

4. My father and I often go fishing on weekends.(我爸爸和我经常周末去钓鱼。and连接两个代词,视为复数,谓语用go

5. Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer to this question.(老师和学生都不知道这个问题的答案。neither...nor...连接,就近原则,靠近的主语students是复数,谓语用know

6. Rice and vegetables are healthy foods.(米饭和蔬菜是健康的食物。and连接两个名词,视为复数,谓语用are

7. Either the cat or the dogs have made the room messy.(要么是猫,要么是狗把房间弄乱了。either...or...连接,就近原则,靠近的主语dogs是复数,谓语用have)

8. Reading and writing are important skills for learning a language.(读和写是学习语言的重要技能。and连接两个动名词,视为复数,谓语用are)

9. Neither you nor I am afraid of difficulties.(你和我都不怕困难。neither...nor...连接,就近原则,靠近的主语I是第一人称,谓语用am

10. The doctor and the nurse are checking the patient’s condition.(医生和护士正在检查病人的状况。and连接两个名词,视为复数,谓语用are checking)

英语基础