词法:代词

代词(Pronoun)是英语中用于替代名词、名词短语或句子的词类,核心功能是避免重复表述、简化句子结构,让语言更简洁流畅。例如,用“He”替代“the boy in a blue shirt”,用“This”替代“the book on the desk”。

一、人称代词(Personal Pronoun):指代人或事物,分主格、宾格、所有格

人称代词按“人称(第一/第二/第三人称)”“数(单数/复数)”“格(主格/宾格)”变化,主格作主语,宾格作宾语;所有格(形容词性/名词性)表所属,形容词性后接名词,名词性可独立使用。

第一人称:I(主格)/ me(宾格)/ my(形容词性)/ mine(名词性);we(主格)/ us(宾格)/ our(形容词性)/ ours(名词性)

第二人称:you(主格/宾格)/ your(形容词性)/ yours(名词性)(单复数同形)

第三人称:he(主格)/ him(宾格)/ his(形容词性/名词性);she(主格)/ her(宾格/形容词性)/ hers(名词性);it(主格/宾格)/ its(形容词性/名词性);they(主格)/ them(宾格)/ their(形容词性)/ theirs(名词性)

1. I am a student, and my favorite subject is English.(我是一名学生,我最喜欢的科目是英语。“I”(主格)作主语,“my”(形容词性所有格)修饰“subject”)

2. She gave me a book, and it is very interesting.(她给了我一本书,这本书非常有趣。“me”(宾格)作宾语,“it”(主格)指代“book”作主语)

3. We will have a picnic this weekend, and our friends will join us.(我们这周末要去野餐,我们的朋友会加入我们。“We”(主格)作主语,“our”(形容词性所有格)修饰“friends”,“us”(宾格)作宾语)

4. Is this pen yours? No, mine is in the pencil case.(这支笔是你的吗?不是,我的在铅笔盒里。“yours”“mine”(名词性所有格)独立使用,避免重复“pen”)

5. He told her that his plan was better than hers.(他告诉她,他的计划比她的好。“He”“her”分别作主、宾格,“his”“hers”(名词性所有格)替代“his plan”“her plan”)

6. The cat is sleeping, and its tail is curled up.(猫正在睡觉,它的尾巴卷了起来。“its”(形容词性所有格)修饰“tail”,指代“the cat”)

7. They finished their homework, and theirs was checked by the teacher first.(他们完成了作业,他们的作业先被老师检查了。“They”(主格)作主语,“their”(形容词性)修饰“homework”,“theirs”(名词性)替代“their homework”)

8. Can you help him carry his bag? He is too tired.(你能帮他拿他的包吗?他太累了。“him”(宾格)作宾语,“his”(形容词性)修饰“bag”,“He”(主格)作主语)

9. This is our classroom, and yours is next to ours.(这是我们的教室,你们的教室在我们的旁边。“our”(形容词性)修饰“classroom”,“yours”“ours”(名词性)独立使用)

10. My phone is broken, so I borrowed hers to make a call.(我的手机坏了,所以我借了她的手机打电话。“hers”(名词性所有格)替代“her phone”,避免重复)

二、物主代词(Possessive Pronoun):专门表“所属关系”,分形容词性和名词性

物主代词本质是人称代词的“所有格形式”,核心功能是明确“某物属于谁”,避免重复表述“某人的+名词”。

形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, its, our, their(后接名词,不可独立使用)

名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs(可独立使用,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”)

1. This is my notebook; yours is on the desk.(这是我的笔记本,你的在桌子上。“my”(形容词性)修饰“notebook”,“yours”(名词性)替代“your notebook”)

2. Her dress is red, and his is blue.(她的裙子是红色的,他的是蓝色的。“her”(形容词性)修饰“dress”,“his”(名词性)替代“his dress”)

3. The dog wagged its tail when it saw its owner.(狗看到主人时摇了摇它的尾巴。“its”(形容词性)分别修饰“tail”和“owner”,指代“the dog”)

4. Our house is near the park, and theirs is far from here.(我们的房子在公园附近,他们的房子离这儿很远。“our”(形容词性)修饰“house”,“theirs”(名词性)替代“their house”)

5. Is this umbrella yours? No, I think it’s hers.(这把伞是你的吗?不是,我觉得是她的。“yours”“hers”(名词性)独立使用,替代“your umbrella”“her umbrella”)

6. His bike is new, but mine is old.(他的自行车是新的,但我的是旧的。“his”(形容词性)修饰“bike”,“mine”(名词性)替代“my bike”)

7. We need to clean our room, and they need to clean theirs.(我们需要打扫我们的房间,他们需要打扫他们的。“our”(形容词性)修饰“room”,“theirs”(名词性)替代“their room”)

8. The cat licked its paws, and its eyes looked sleepy.(猫舔了舔它的爪子,它的眼睛看起来很困。“its”(形容词性)分别修饰“paws”和“eyes”)

9. Your idea is good, but ours is more practical.(你的想法很好,但我们的更实用。“your”(形容词性)修饰“idea”,“ours”(名词性)替代“our idea”)

10. She forgot to bring her pen, so she used mine.(她忘了带她的笔,所以用了我的。“her”(形容词性)修饰“pen”,“mine”(名词性)替代“my pen”)

三、反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun):指代主语本身,表“某人自己”

反身代词由“形容词性物主代词+self/selves”构成(单数用self,复数用selves),常用在“主语与宾语为同一人/事物”的语境中,或表“独自、亲自”;常见搭配:by oneself(独自)、enjoy oneself(玩得开心)、hurt oneself(伤到自己)。

单数:myself(我自己)、yourself(你自己)、himself(他自己)、herself(她自己)、itself(它自己)

复数:ourselves(我们自己)、yourselves(你们自己)、themselves(他们自己)

1. I taught myself English by watching English movies.(我通过看英语电影自学英语。“myself”指代主语“I”,表“我自己”,搭配“taught oneself”(自学))

2. She hurt herself when she was cooking in the kitchen.(她在厨房做饭时伤到了自己。“herself”指代主语“she”,表“她自己”,搭配“hurt oneself”(伤到自己))

3. The little boy can dress himself now.(这个小男孩现在能自己穿衣服了。“himself”指代主语“the little boy”,表“他自己”,搭配“dress oneself”(自己穿衣服))

4. We enjoyed ourselves at the party last night.(我们昨晚在派对上玩得很开心。“ourselves”指代主语“we”,表“我们自己”,搭配“enjoy oneself”(玩得开心))

5. You should be proud of yourself for passing the exam.(你应该为通过考试而为自己感到骄傲。“yourself”指代主语“you”,表“你自己”,搭配“be proud of oneself”(为自己骄傲))

6. The cat washed itself with its tongue.(猫用舌头给自己洗澡。“itself”指代主语“the cat”,表“它自己”)

7. They built the house themselves without any help.(他们没靠任何帮助,自己盖了这栋房子。“themselves”指代主语“they”,表“他们自己”,强调“亲自做”)

8. He often talks to himself when he is thinking.(他思考时经常自言自语。“himself”指代主语“he”,表“他自己”,搭配“talk to oneself”(自言自语))

9. You must take care of yourselves when you travel alone.(你们独自旅行时一定要照顾好自己。“yourselves”指代主语“you”(复数),表“你们自己”)

10. I bought myself a new pair of shoes as a birthday gift.(我给自己买了一双新鞋当生日礼物。“myself”指代主语“I”,表“我自己”,作宾语补足语)

四、指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun):指代“特定的人/事物”,表“这个/那个/这些/那些”

指示代词用于明确指代“近处/远处”“单数/复数”的人或事物,可作主语、宾语、定语;作定语时后接名词,作代词时可独立使用。

近处:this(这个,单数)、these(这些,复数)

远处:that(那个,单数)、those(那些,复数)

特殊:such(这样的)、same(同样的)(常与“the”连用)

1. This is my new phone, and that is my sister’s.(这是我的新手机,那是我姐姐的。“this”(近处单数)、“that”(远处单数)作主语,指代“phone”)

2. These books are mine, and those on the shelf are my brother’s.(这些书是我的,书架上的那些是我弟弟的。“these”(近处复数)作主语,“those”(远处复数)作主语,后接定语“on the shelf”)

3. I don’t like this movie; let’s watch that one instead.(我不喜欢这部电影,我们看那部吧。“this”(近处)、“that”(远处)作定语,修饰“movie”,“one”替代“movie”避免重复)

4. This is the park where we used to play when we were kids.(这就是我们小时候常去玩的公园。“this”(近处单数)作主语,后接定语从句)

5. These apples are fresh; can you pass me one?(这些苹果很新鲜,能递给我一个吗?“these”(近处复数)作定语,修饰“apples”)

6. That was the best day of my life.(那是我一生中最美好的一天。“that”(远处/过去的事物)作主语,指代“day”)

7. Those students over there are from Class 3.(那边的那些学生是三班的。“those”(远处复数)作定语,修饰“students”,后接“over there”表位置)

8. I have never seen such a beautiful place before.(我以前从未见过这么美的地方。“such”(这样的)作定语,修饰“a beautiful place”,表“如此的”)

9. The two dresses look the same, but this one is cheaper than that one.(这两条裙子看起来一样,但这条比那条便宜。“same”(同样的)作表语,“this”“that”作定语,修饰“one”(替代“dress”))

10. These are the photos I took during my trip to Japan; do you like them?(这些是我去日本旅行时拍的照片,你喜欢吗?“these”(近处复数)作主语,指代“photos”,“them”(宾格)作宾语,替代“photos”)

五、不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun):指代“不确定的人/事物”,表“一些/任何/所有/没有”等

不定代词不指代特定对象,涵盖“数量、范围、全部/部分”等含义,部分可修饰名词(如some, any),部分可独立使用(如someone, everyone);需注意“单数/复数”搭配(如everyone后接单数动词)。

表“部分”:some(一些,肯定句)、any(任何,否定/疑问句)、something(某物)、anything(任何事物)、someone(某人)、anyone(任何人)

表“全部”:all(所有)、every(每个,后接名词)、everyone(每个人)、everything(所有事物)

表“否定”:no(没有,后接名词)、none(没有一个)、nothing(没有事物)、nobody(没有人)

表“其他”:other(其他的,后接名词)、others(其他人/事物)、another(另一个,单数)

1. I have some books on history; do you want to borrow any?(我有一些历史书,你想借几本吗?“some”(肯定句)修饰“books”,“any”(疑问句)替代“any books”)

2. Someone called you this morning, but I didn’t know who it was.(今早有人给你打电话,但我不知道是谁。“someone”(某人)作主语,后接单数动词“called”)

3. Everything is ready for the party; we just need to wait for the guests.(派对的一切都准备好了,我们只需要等客人来。“everything”(所有事物)作主语,后接单数动词“is”)

4. There is no milk left in the fridge; we need to buy some.(冰箱里没有牛奶了,我们需要买一些。“no”(没有)修饰“milk”,“some”(一些)替代“some milk”)

5. Everyone in our class likes the new teacher because she is kind.(我们班每个人都喜欢新老师,因为她很和蔼。“everyone”(每个人)作主语,后接单数动词“likes”)

6. I don’t have anything to do this afternoon; let’s go for a walk.(我今天下午没事做,我们去散步吧。“anything”(任何事物)作宾语,用于否定句)

7. None of the students arrived late for class today.(今天没有一个学生上课迟到。“none”(没有一个)作主语,后接“of the students”,可接单数或复数动词,此处“arrived”为复数)

8. She has two sisters; one is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.(她有两个姐姐,一个是医生,另一个是老师。“the other”(两者中的另一个)作主语,指代“sister”)

9. I need another pen because this one doesn’t work.(我需要另一支笔,因为这支坏了。“another”(另一个,单数)修饰“pen”,表“三者及以上中的另一个”)

10. Others may disagree with you, but I think your idea is good.(其他人可能不同意你,但我觉得你的想法很好。“others”(其他人)作主语,替代“other people”)

英语基础