词法:形容词

形容词(Adjective)是英语中用于修饰名词或代词的语法成分,核心功能是通过描述人或事物的“性质、特征、状态、数量或所属”,明确被修饰对象的具体属性(如“颜色、大小、品质、新旧”等),让句子语义更精准、形象。形容词通常位于名词前(前置定语),或在系动词后作表语(如be, look, feel等系动词),部分情况下也可后置(如修饰不定代词时)。

1. 形容词的本质是“回答关于名词的疑问”,比如:

修饰名词时,回答“什么样的?”(a *red* apple——“red”回答“苹果是什么颜色的”);

作表语时,回答“主语是什么样的?”(The apple is *sweet*——“sweet”回答“苹果尝起来怎么样”);

表数量时,回答“多少?”(*three* books——“three”回答“书有多少本”)。

2. 主要分类(按功能划分)

根据描述的属性不同,形容词可分为性质形容词、状态形容词、数量形容词、所属形容词、指示形容词、不定形容词六大类,每类功能明确,修饰对象和用法各有特点。

一、性质形容词(Qualitative Adjective):描述人或事物的“本质属性/品质”

规则:最常用的形容词类型,可描述“颜色、大小、形状、品质、味道”等可被主观判断的属性,多数可构成比较级和最高级(如tall→taller→tallest);通常位于名词前作定语,或在系动词后作表语。

1. She wore a red dress to the party; it looked very eye-catching.(她穿了一条红色的裙子去派对,看起来非常惹眼。“red”描述“dress”的颜色属性,作前置定语)

2. The big tree in our yard provides shade for us in summer.(我们院子里的那棵大树在夏天为我们提供阴凉。“big”描述“tree”的大小属性,作前置定语)

3. This cake is sweet; my mom added a lot of honey to it.(这个蛋糕很甜,我妈妈加了很多蜂蜜。“sweet”描述“cake”的味道属性,在系动词“is”后作表语)

4. He is a kind person who always helps neighbors in need.(他是个善良的人,总是帮助有需要的邻居。“kind”描述“person”的品质属性,作前置定语)

5. The round table in the living room can seat six people.(客厅里的那张圆桌能坐六个人。“round”描述“table”的形状属性,作前置定语)

6. The movie we watched last night was interesting; we all laughed a lot.(我们昨晚看的电影很有趣,大家都笑了很多次。“interesting”描述“movie”的品质属性,在系动词“was”后作表语)

7. She has long hair that reaches her waist.(她有一头长到腰的头发。“long”描述“hair”的长度属性,作前置定语)

8. The water in the lake is clear; you can see the stones at the bottom.(湖里的水很清澈,能看到水底的石头。“clear”描述“water”的透明度属性,在系动词“is”后作表语)

9. He bought a new laptop for his college studies.(他为大学学习买了一台新笔记本电脑。“new”描述“laptop”的新旧属性,作前置定语)

10. The coffee is hot; wait a few minutes before drinking it.(咖啡很烫,等几分钟再喝。“hot”描述“coffee”的温度属性,在系动词“is”后作表语)

二、状态形容词(State Adjective):描述人或事物的“临时状态/感受”

规则:强调“暂时的状态”而非“永久属性”,多与感官系动词(look, feel, sound, smell, taste)或状态系动词(be, seem, remain)搭配,作表语;多数不可构成比较级(如asleep, alive, ill等)。

1. The baby is asleep; please keep your voice down.(宝宝睡着了,请小声点。“asleep”描述“baby”的临时状态,在系动词“is”后作表语,不可前置修饰名词)

2. After running for 30 minutes, he felt tired and sat down to rest.(跑了30分钟后,他觉得累了,坐下来休息。“tired”描述“he”的临时感受,在感官系动词“felt”后作表语)

3. The old man has been ill for a week; his children are taking care of him.(老人病了一周了,他的孩子们在照顾他。“ill”描述“old man”的临时健康状态,在系动词“has been”后作表语)

4. The flowers in the vase are still alive; they will bloom for a few more days.(花瓶里的花还活着,还能开几天。“alive”描述“flowers”的临时存活状态,在系动词“are”后作表语,不可前置)

5. She seems happy today; maybe she got good news from her family.(她今天似乎很开心,也许是收到了家人的好消息。“happy”描述“she”的临时情绪状态,在系动词“seems”后作表语)

6. The room remained empty for months because no one wanted to rent it.(这个房间空了几个月,因为没人想租。“empty”描述“room”的临时状态,在系动词“remained”后作表语)

7. The music sounds soft; it helps me relax after work.(这段音乐听起来很轻柔,能帮我下班后放松。“soft”描述“music”的临时听觉状态,在感官系动词“sounds”后作表语)

8. He felt hungry after skipping breakfast, so he bought a sandwich.(他没吃早餐,觉得饿了,于是买了个三明治。“hungry”描述“he”的临时生理感受,在感官系动词“felt”后作表语)

9. The door was open when I got home; I must have forgotten to close it.(我回家时门是开着的,肯定是忘了关。“open”描述“door”的临时状态,在系动词“was”后作表语)

10. The milk smells sour; don’t drink it—it has gone bad.(牛奶闻起来酸了,别喝了,已经坏了。“sour”描述“milk”的临时气味状态,在感官系动词“smells”后作表语)

三、数量形容词(Quantitative Adjective):描述名词的“数量多少”

规则:分为“基数词”(表“具体数量”,如one, two)和“序数词”(表“顺序”,如first, second),以及“不定数量词”(表“模糊数量”,如many, much, few, little);基数词和序数词常位于名词前,序数词前需加定冠词“the”。

1. She bought three apples and five oranges from the supermarket.(她从超市买了三个苹果和五个橙子。“three”“five”是基数词,表具体数量,修饰可数名词复数)

2. This is the first time I’ve been to Beijing; everything feels new to me.(这是我第一次来北京,一切都觉得很新鲜。“first”是序数词,表顺序,前加“the”,修饰“time”)

3. There are many students in the library during exam week.(考试周图书馆里有很多学生。“many”是不定数量词,表“多”,修饰可数名词复数“students”)

4. He drank much coffee to stay awake while working late.(他加班时喝了很多咖啡来保持清醒。“much”是不定数量词,表“多”,修饰不可数名词“coffee”)

5. We need ten volunteers to help organize the school sports meeting.(我们需要十名志愿者帮忙组织学校运动会。“ten”是基数词,表具体数量,修饰可数名词复数“volunteers”)

6. She lives on the twelfth floor of that tall building.(她住在那栋高楼的第十二层。“twelfth”是序数词,表顺序,前加“the”,修饰“floor”)

7. There are few books about this topic in our school library.(我们学校图书馆里关于这个主题的书很少。“few”是不定数量词,表“少”(含否定),修饰可数名词复数“books”)

8. He has little time to relax because he’s busy with work and study.(他几乎没时间放松,因为要忙于工作和学习。“little”是不定数量词,表“少”(含否定),修饰不可数名词“time”)

9. The second lesson on Monday morning is English; I like it very much.(周一上午的第二节课是英语,我很喜欢。“second”是序数词,表顺序,前加“the”,修饰“lesson”)

10. She ate two bowls of noodles for lunch; she was very hungry.(她午餐吃了两碗面条,当时很饿。“two”是基数词,表具体数量,修饰可数名词复数“bowls”)

四、所属形容词(Possessive Adjective):表“名词的所属关系”

规则:又称“形容词性物主代词”,直接表明“某物属于某人”,后必须接名词,不可单独使用;常见所属形容词:my(我的)、your(你的/你们的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、its(它的)、our(我们的)、their(他们的)。

1. My mother often makes delicious dumplings for our family.(我妈妈经常给家人做美味的饺子。“My”表“妈妈属于我”,后接名词“mother”,作前置定语)

2. Is this your pen? I found it on the desk in the classroom.(这是你的笔吗?我在教室的桌子上找到的。“your”表“笔可能属于你”,后接名词“pen”,作前置定语)

3. His favorite sport is basketball; he plays it every weekend.(他最喜欢的运动是篮球,每周都打。“His”表“运动属于他(的喜好)”,后接名词“favorite sport”,作前置定语)

4. She put her bag on the chair and sat down to wait.(她把她的包放在椅子上,坐下来等。“her”表“包属于她”,后接名词“bag”,作前置定语)

5. The cat licked its paw after eating the fish.(猫吃完鱼后舔了舔它的爪子。“its”表“爪子属于猫”,后接名词“paw”,作前置定语,注意无撇号)

6. Our school will hold a music festival next month.(我们学校下个月将举办音乐节。“Our”表“学校属于我们(的)”,后接名词“school”,作前置定语)

7. They invited all their friends to their wedding party.(他们邀请了所有朋友来参加婚礼派对。“their”表“朋友属于他们(的社交圈)”,后接名词“friends”,作前置定语)

8. Your suggestion helped us solve the problem quickly.(你的建议帮我们很快解决了问题。“Your”表“建议属于你(提出的)”,后接名词“suggestion”,作前置定语)

9. Her voice is very sweet; she wants to be a singer when she grows up.(她的声音很甜,长大后想当歌手。“Her”表“声音属于她”,后接名词“voice”,作前置定语)

10. Our team won the first prize in the school’s debate competition.(我们队在学校的辩论赛中获得了一等奖。“Our”表“队属于我们(的)”,后接名词“team”,作前置定语)

五、指示形容词(Demonstrative Adjective):表“对名词的指代(近指/远指)”

规则:明确指代“特定的人或事物”,分为“近指”(this/these,指“离说话人近的”)和“远指”(that/those,指“离说话人远的”);this/that修饰单数名词,these/those修饰复数名词,后必须接名词(不可单独使用,区别于指示代词)。

1. This book I’m reading is about the history of ancient Egypt.(我正在读的这本书是关于古埃及历史的。“This”表近指,修饰单数名词“book”,指“说话人手中的书”)

2. That tall building over there is the new city museum.(那边那栋高楼是新的市博物馆。“That”表远指,修饰单数名词“building”,指“离说话人远的楼”)

3. These flowers in the vase were sent by my best friend on my birthday.(花瓶里的这些花是我生日时最好的朋友送的。“These”表近指,修饰复数名词“flowers”,指“说话人身边的花”)

4. Those children playing in the park are from the nearby primary school.(在公园里玩的那些孩子来自附近的小学。“Those”表远指,修饰复数名词“children”,指“离说话人远的孩子”)

5. This cup of tea is too hot; I need to wait for it to cool down.(这杯茶太烫了,我得等它凉一点。“This”表近指,修饰单数名词短语“cup of tea”,指“说话人面前的茶”)

6. That movie we watched last night was very sad; I cried several times.(我们昨晚看的那部电影很感人,我哭了好几次。“That”表远指(指“过去看的电影”),修饰单数名词“movie”)

7. These apples are fresh; I bought them from the farm this morning.(这些苹果很新鲜,是我今天早上从农场买的。“These”表近指,修饰复数名词“apples”,指“说话人身边的苹果”)

8. Those books on the shelf belong to my father; he likes collecting history books.(书架上的那些书是我爸爸的,他喜欢收集历史书。“Those”表远指,修饰复数名词“books”,指“书架上的书”)

9. This dress fits me well; I think I’ll buy it.(这条裙子很合身,我想我会买它。“This”表近指,修饰单数名词“dress”,指“说话人试穿的裙子”)

10. That dog barking outside is very loud; it’s keeping me awake.(外面叫的那条狗声音很大,吵得我睡不着。“That”表远指,修饰单数名词“dog”,指“屋外的狗”)

六、不定形容词(Indefinite Adjective):表“不确定的人或事物”

规则:描述“非特定、模糊的对象”,不明确指代某一个或某一些,常见不定形容词:some(一些,用于肯定句)、any(任何/一些,用于否定句/疑问句)、each(每个,表个体)、every(每个,表整体)、either(两者中的任何一个)、neither(两者都不)、other(其他的)。

1. I bought some bananas and some bread from the bakery.(我从面包店买了一些香蕉和一些面包。“some”表“不确定的数量”,用于肯定句,修饰可数/不可数名词)

2. Do you have any questions about today’s math lesson?(你对今天的数学课有任何问题吗?“any”表“不确定的数量”,用于疑问句,修饰可数名词复数“questions”)

3. Each student in the class has a new textbook.(班里的每个学生都有一本新课本。“each”表“个体”,强调“每个都”,修饰单数名词“student”,可与of连用)

4. Every morning, I go for a walk in the park to exercise.(每天早上,我去公园散步锻炼。“every”表“整体”,强调“全部”,修饰单数名词“morning”,不可与of连用)

5. You can take either book; both of them are useful for your study.(你可以拿两本书中的任何一本,两本对你的学习都有用。“either”表“两者中任一”,修饰单数名词“book”)

6. There isn’t any milk left in the fridge; we need to buy more.(冰箱里没有牛奶了,我们得再买一些。“any”表“不确定的数量”,用于否定句,修饰不可数名词“milk”)

7. She has two sisters; one is a doctor, and the other is a teacher.(她有两个姐姐,一个是医生,另一个是老师。“other”表“两者中的另一个”,修饰单数名词“one”,需加“the”)

8. Every student should follow the school rules.(每个学生都应该遵守校规。“every”表“整体”,修饰单数名词“student”,强调“所有学生”)

9. We need some help with the project; it’s too difficult for us alone.(我们的项目需要一些帮助,单靠我们太难了。“some”表“不确定的数量”,用于肯定句,修饰不可数名词“help”)

10. Neither answer is correct; you need to think again.(两个答案都不对,你需要再想想。“neither”表“两者都不”,修饰单数名词“answer”,后接单数动词)

七、形容词的常见考点与避坑指南

1. 形容词的位置:

多数形容词前置(a *beautiful* girl),但“表状态的形容词”(asleep, alive, ill)和“修饰不定代词的形容词”(something *important*)需后置;

多个形容词修饰同一名词时,遵循“限定词(my/this)→ 描绘性(beautiful)→ 大小/长短(big)→ 形状(round)→ 年龄/新旧(old)→ 颜色(red)→ 国籍(Chinese)→ 材料(wooden)→ 用途(writing)”的顺序(如a beautiful big round old red Chinese wooden writing desk)。

2. 形容词与副词的区别:

形容词修饰名词(*quick* run),副词修饰动词/形容词(run *quickly*,*very* quick),避免混淆(如“跑得快”是run fast,而非run fastly)。

八、比较级与最高级

(一)先明确:形容词“规则变化”的3种核心形式(占99%)

1. 单音节词/部分双音节词:直接加 -er(比较级)、-est(最高级)(如 tall→taller→tallest;short→shorter→shortest);

2. 以“辅音+y”结尾的双音节词:变 y 为 i 加 -er/-est(如 easy→easier→easiest;happy→happier→happiest);

3. 多音节词/部分双音节词:在词前加 more(比较级)、most(最高级)(如 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful;important→more important→most important)。

(二)真正“不规则变化”的形容词(共12组,含双重变化)

这类词无固定规则,需完全记忆,且部分词的比较级/最高级有“含义差异”(需结合语境使用):

1. good(好的;健康的)→ better(更好的)→ best(最好的)

(注:well 作形容词表“健康的”时,变化同 good:well→better→best)

2. bad(坏的;差的)→ worse(更坏的)→ worst(最坏的)

(注:ill 作形容词表“生病的”时,变化同 bad:ill→worse→worst)

3. many(许多,修饰可数名词)→ more(更多的)→ most(最多的)

4. much(许多,修饰不可数名词;非常)→ more(更多的;更)→ most(最多的;最)

(注:many 和 much 共用比较级/最高级,均为 more/most)

5. little(少的,修饰不可数名词;小的)→ less(更少的)→ least(最少的)

(注:little 表“小的”时,规则变化为 littler→littlest,但日常极少用,表“少”时必用 less/least)

6. few(少的,修饰可数名词)→ fewer(更少的)→ fewest(最少的)

7. far(远的;遥远的)→

farther(表“距离上更远”)→ farthest(表“距离上最远”)

further(表“程度上更深、进一步”)→ furthest(表“程度上最深”)

(例:He ran farther than me. 他跑得比我远。/ I need further help. 我需要进一步的帮助。)

8. old(年老的;旧的;古老的)→

older(表“年龄更大”“物品更旧”,无亲属关系)→ oldest(表“年龄最大”“物品最旧”)

elder(仅表“亲属辈分更高”,后接名词,如 elder sister 姐姐)→ eldest(表“亲属辈分最高”,如 eldest son 长子)

(例:My father is older than my uncle. 我爸爸比我叔叔年纪大。/ My elder brother is a doctor. 我哥哥是一名医生。)

9. late(晚的;迟的;晚期的)→

later(表“时间更晚”“后来”)→ latest(表“时间最晚”“最新的”,如 latest news 最新消息)

latter(表“两者中的后者”,无最高级)→ last(表“最后的;最末的”)

(例:I will come later. 我会晚点来。/ Of the two books, I prefer the latter. 两本书中,我更喜欢后者。)

10. near(近的;接近的)→ nearer(更近的)→ nearest(最近的)

(注:near 虽可加 -er/-est,但因无“规则词尾特征”,常被归为不规则,实际属于“单音节词规则变化”,但需特殊记忆)

11. much(修饰不可数名词“多”)→ more(更多)→ most(最多)

(重复标注,因 many/much 是最常用的不规则变化,需重点记忆)

12. some(一些,表肯定;某个)→ more(更多的)→ most(最多的)

(注:some 作形容词表“一些”时,比较级/最高级用 more/most,如 some money→more money→most money,日常使用频率高)

英语基础