句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
英语句子的分类可从两大核心维度展开:按结构分类(根据句子包含的主谓结构数量)和按功能分类(根据句子在交际中的用途)。二者并非互斥,同一功能的句子(如陈述句)可对应不同结构(如简单句、复合句)。
一、按结构分类:简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句
该分类的核心是“句子中主谓结构(主句/分句)的数量”及“分句间的连接方式”,不同结构决定了句子的复杂程度。
1. 简单句(Simple Sentence):仅含一个主谓结构
简单句是最基础的句子结构,只有一套主语和谓语(主谓结构),可包含多个主语(并列主语)或多个谓语(并列谓语),但整体仍为“一个主谓关系”,不包含从句。
核心公式:(并列主语)+(并列谓语)+ 其他成分(宾语、表语、状语等)
1. Tom plays basketball every weekend.(汤姆每个周末打篮球。一套主谓:Tom(主语)+ plays(谓语))
2. My sister and I go to the same school.(我和我妹妹上同一所学校。并列主语:My sister and I,一套谓语:go)
3. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(太阳从东方升起,西方落下。一套主语:The sun,并列谓语:rises and sets)
4. She bought a new dress yesterday.(她昨天买了一条新裙子。一套主谓:She(主语)+ bought(谓语))
5. Dogs, cats, and birds are common pets in many families.(狗、猫和鸟是许多家庭中常见的宠物。并列主语:Dogs, cats, and birds,一套谓语:are)
6. He reads books and listens to music in his free time.(他空闲时看书、听音乐。一套主语:He,并列谓语:reads and listens)
7. The little girl sings very well.(这个小女孩唱歌非常好。一套主谓:The little girl(主语)+ sings(谓语))
8. My parents and I will visit my grandparents next month.(我和父母下个月要去看望祖父母。并列主语:My parents and I,一套谓语:will visit)
9. The wind blows gently through the window.(风轻轻地从窗户吹进来。一套主谓:The wind(主语)+ blows(谓语))
10. We study math, English, and science at school every day.(我们每天在学校学习数学、英语和科学。一套主语:We,一套谓语:study,多个宾语并列)
2. 并列句(Compound Sentence):含两个或以上“独立简单句”
并列句由两个或多个独立的简单句(分句) 构成,分句间是“平等并列”的关系(无主次之分),需用并列连词或“分号”连接。
核心公式:简单句1 + 并列连词/分号 + 简单句2(+ 简单句3...)
常用并列连词:
表顺承:and(和,然后)
表转折:but(但是)、yet(然而)
表选择:or(或者,否则)
表因果:so(所以)、for(因为,补充说明原因,不位于句首)
1. I finished my homework, and then I watched a movie.(我完成了作业,然后看了一场电影。and连接两个顺承的分句)
2. She is very tired, but she still keeps working.(她很累,但仍然坚持工作。but连接转折关系的分句)
3. You can take the bus to the station, or you can walk there.(你可以坐公交去车站,或者步行过去。or连接选择关系的分句)
4. The rain stopped, so we decided to go out for a walk.(雨停了,所以我们决定出去散步。so连接因果关系的分句,前因后果)
5. He likes playing football, yet he doesn’t like watching football matches.(他喜欢踢足球,然而不喜欢看足球比赛。yet表转折,语气比but弱)
6. I didn’t have breakfast this morning, for I got up too late.(我今天早上没吃早饭,因为起得太晚了。for补充说明原因,不可位于句首)
7. The sky turned dark, and a strong wind began to blow.(天变黑了,一阵大风开始刮起来。and连接顺承的两个分句)
8. She wanted to buy a new bag, but she didn’t have enough money.(她想买一个新包,但没有足够的钱。but连接转折关系)
9. You must hurry up, or you will miss the early train.(你必须快点,否则会错过早班火车。or表“否则”,隐含选择关系)
10. We went to the supermarket first, then we went to the park, and finally we went home.(我们先去了超市,然后去了公园,最后回了家。and连接三个顺承的分句)
3. 复合句(Complex Sentence):含一个“主句”+ 一个或多个“从句”
复合句由一个主句(独立简单句,可单独成句) 和一个或多个从句(依赖主句,不能单独成句) 构成,从句需用“引导词”连接,且在主句中充当特定成分(如主语、宾语、定语、状语等)。
核心公式:主句 + 引导词 + 从句(或 从句 + 引导词 + 主句)
常见从句类型:名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语/同位语从句)、定语从句、状语从句(时间/地点/原因等)
1. I know that you are interested in English literature.(我知道你对英国文学感兴趣。主句:I know;that引导宾语从句,作know的宾语)
2. When the bell rang, all the students rushed into the classroom.(铃声一响,所有学生都冲进了教室。when引导时间状语从句;主句:all the students rushed into the classroom)
3. The book which my friend lent me last week is very interesting.(我朋友上周借我的那本书非常有趣。which引导定语从句,修饰先行词the book;主句:The book is very interesting)
4. What he said made all of us laugh.(他说的话让我们所有人都笑了。what引导主语从句,作主句主语;主句谓语:made)
5. She will call you as soon as she arrives at the airport.(她一到机场就会给你打电话。as soon as引导时间状语从句;主句:She will call you)
6. My hope is that I can travel around the world one day.(我的愿望是有一天能环游世界。that引导表语从句,跟在系动词is后;主句:My hope is)
7. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily.(因为雨下得很大,我们没出去。because引导原因状语从句;主句:We didn’t go out)
8. The girl who is standing at the door is my cousin.(站在门口的那个女孩是我表妹。who引导定语从句,修饰先行词the girl;主句:The girl is my cousin)
9. I wonder if we can finish the project on time.(我想知道我们是否能按时完成这个项目。if引导宾语从句,作wonder的宾语;主句:I wonder)
10. Wherever you go, you should keep in touch with your family.(无论你去哪里,都应该和家人保持联系。wherever引导地点状语从句;主句:you should keep in touch with your family)
4. 并列复合句(Compound-Complex Sentence):含“并列主句”+ “从句”
并列复合句是“并列句”与“复合句”的结合体,包含两个或以上独立主句(用并列连词连接),且至少有一个主句中包含“从句”(定语、状语、名词性从句等)。
核心公式:(主句1 + 从句1)+ 并列连词 + (主句2 + 从句2...) 或 主句1 + 并列连词 + (主句2 + 从句2)
1. I finished my report that was due today, and my colleague helped me check it for mistakes.(我完成了今天要交的报告,同事帮我检查了错误。主句1:I finished my report,后接that引导的定语从句;and连接主句2:my colleague helped me check it)
2. When the meeting ended, we went to a restaurant for dinner, but my boss had to leave early because he had another appointment.(会议结束后,我们去餐厅吃了晚饭,但老板因为有另一个约会不得不提前离开。when引导时间状语从句+主句1:we went to...;but连接主句2:my boss had to...,后接because引导的原因状语从句)
3. She told me that she would visit her hometown next month, so I asked her to bring me some local snacks.(她告诉我下个月要回故乡,所以我让她给我带些当地小吃。that引导宾语从句+主句1:She told me;so连接主句2:I asked her to...)
4. We planned to go hiking this weekend, but it rained heavily, which made us change our plan.(我们计划这周末去徒步,但雨下得很大,这让我们改变了计划。主句1:We planned to...;but连接主句2:it rained heavily,后接which引导的非限制性定语从句)
5. As soon as he got home, he turned on the TV to watch the football match, and his wife was preparing dinner in the kitchen.(他一到家就打开电视看足球赛,他妻子正在厨房准备晚饭。as soon as引导时间状语从句+主句1:he turned on...;and连接主句2:his wife was preparing...)
6. My brother likes reading books that are about history, while I prefer novels that tell interesting stories.(我哥哥喜欢读历史相关的书,而我更喜欢讲有趣故事的小说。主句1+that引导的定语从句;while(表对比)连接主句2+that引导的定语从句)
7. I called my friend to ask if she could come to my party, but she said she was busy with her homework.(我给朋友打电话问她是否能来我的派对,但她说要忙着做作业。if引导宾语从句+主句1:I called my friend to ask;but连接主句2:she said,后接省略that的宾语从句)
8. Wherever you travel, you should respect the local culture, and you can also make many new friends there.(无论你去哪里旅行,都应该尊重当地文化,而且还能在那里交到很多新朋友。wherever引导地点状语从句+主句1:you should respect...;and连接主句2:you can also make...)
9. The teacher explained the math problem again because some students didn’t understand it, and then she gave us some exercises to practice.(因为有些学生没听懂,老师又讲了一遍这道数学题,然后给我们布置了练习题。because引导原因状语从句+主句1:The teacher explained...;and连接主句2:then she gave us...)
10. He bought a new camera that has many advanced functions, but he hasn’t learned how to use all of them yet.(他买了一台有很多高级功能的新相机,但还没学会如何使用所有功能。that引导定语从句+主句1:He bought...;but连接主句2:he hasn’t learned,后接how引导的宾语从句)
二、按功能分类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
该分类的核心是“句子在交际中的用途”,即句子用于“陈述事实、提出疑问、发出指令、表达情感”,不同功能对应不同的语气和结构。
1. 陈述句(Declarative Sentence):陈述事实或观点,表肯定/否定
陈述句是最常用的句子类型,用于向对方传递信息(事实、观点、状态等),句末用句号(.) ,语调平稳。分为“肯定陈述句”和“否定陈述句”。
1. (肯定)The Earth is a planet in the solar system.(地球是太阳系中的一颗行星。陈述客观事实)
2. (肯定)My favorite season is autumn because the weather is cool.(我最喜欢的季节是秋天,因为天气凉爽。陈述个人喜好和原因)
3. (肯定)She has been learning to play the piano for five years.(她已经学弹钢琴五年了。陈述动作持续的时间)
4. (肯定)Our school will hold a sports meeting next month.(我们学校下个月将举办运动会。陈述未来的计划)
5. (肯定)This novel was written by a famous Chinese writer.(这本小说是一位著名的中国作家写的。陈述被动关系的事实)
6. (否定)I don’t like eating spicy food because it hurts my stomach.(我不喜欢吃辣的食物,因为会伤胃。否定个人喜好)
7. (否定)They haven’t finished their group project yet.(他们还没完成小组项目。否定动作的完成,用现在完成时)
8. (否定)He didn’t go to the party last night because he was ill.(他昨晚没去派对,因为生病了。否定过去的动作及原因)
9. (否定)This shop doesn’t open on Sundays.(这家店周日不营业。否定习惯性的状态)
10. (否定)You shouldn’t spend too much time playing video games.(你不应该花太多时间玩电子游戏。否定建议,用情态动词shouldn’t)
2. 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence):提出疑问,寻求答案
疑问句用于向对方询问信息,句末用问号(?) ,语调通常上扬。根据疑问方式,分为“一般疑问句”“特殊疑问句”“选择疑问句”“反义疑问句”四类。
1. (一般疑问句)Do you usually get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?(你通常早上7点起床吗?用助动词do引导,回答用yes/no)
2. (特殊疑问句)What did you do during your summer vacation?(你暑假期间做了什么?用特殊疑问词what引导,回答需具体信息)
3. (选择疑问句)Would you like to drink tea or coffee?(你想喝茶还是咖啡?用or连接两个选项,回答需选其一,不用yes/no)
4. (反义疑问句)He has finished his homework, hasn’t he?(他已经完成作业了,不是吗?前肯定后否定,回答用yes/no,需结合事实)
5. (一般疑问句)Is this the new library that was built last year?(这是去年新建的图书馆吗?用系动词is引导,后接定语从句)
6. (特殊疑问句)Where will you go for your winter holiday this year?(你今年寒假要去哪里?用特殊疑问词where引导,询问地点)
7. (选择疑问句)Does she prefer to read books at home or go to the cinema on weekends?(她周末更喜欢在家看书还是去看电影?or连接两个动作选项)
8. (反义疑问句)They won’t arrive here before 6 p.m., will they?(他们下午6点前到不了这里,是吗?前否定后肯定)
9. (特殊疑问句)How do you usually go to work every day?(你每天通常怎么去上班?用特殊疑问词how引导,询问方式)
10. (一般疑问句)Has your brother ever been to Beijing?(你哥哥去过北京吗?用助动词has引导现在完成时的疑问句)
3. 祈使句(Imperative Sentence):发出指令、请求、建议或警告
祈使句用于向对方提出要求(指令、请求、建议)或发出警告,主语通常是第二人称“you”(常省略),谓语用动词原形,句末用“句号(.)”或“感叹号(!)”(语气强烈时)。分为“肯定祈使句”和“否定祈使句”(在动词原形前加don’t)。
1. (肯定)Please pass me the salt on the table.(请把桌子上的盐递给我。表请求,用please使语气委婉)
2. (肯定)Turn off the lights when you leave the room.(离开房间时把灯关掉。表指令,主语you省略)
3. (肯定)Let’s go for a walk in the park after dinner.(晚饭后我们去公园散步吧。表建议,用let’s(let us的缩写))
4. (肯定)Be quiet in the library.(在图书馆里保持安静。表指令,be动词原形开头)
5. (肯定)Wait for me at the school gate at 4 o’clock this afternoon.(今天下午4点在学校门口等我。表指令,明确时间和地点)
6. (否定)Don’t talk loudly during the meeting.(开会时不要大声说话。表禁止,don’t+动词原形talk)
7. (否定)Don’t forget to bring your ID card tomorrow.(明天别忘了带身份证。表提醒,don’t+forget)
8. (否定)Don’t touch the hot stove—it’s very dangerous.(别碰那个热炉子——很危险。表警告,用感叹号加强语气)
9. (否定)Don’t eat too much sugar—it’s bad for your teeth.(别吃太多糖——对牙齿不好。表建议,用破折号补充原因)
10. (否定)Don’t arrive late for the exam, or you won’t be allowed to enter.(考试别迟到,否则不允许进入。表警告,or连接后果)
4. 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):表达强烈情感(喜悦、惊讶、愤怒、赞美等)
感叹句用于抒发强烈的情感(如开心、惊讶、赞美、愤怒),句末必须用感叹号(!) ,常用“what”或“how”引导(也可直接用名词/形容词/副词表感叹)。
用what引导:what + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + (主语+谓语)!(强调名词)
用how引导:how + 形容词/副词 + (主语+谓语)!(强调形容词或副词)
1. (what引导)What a beautiful flower this is!(这朵花多漂亮啊!what+a+形容词+单数名词,强调flower)
2. (how引导)How fast he runs!(他跑得真快啊!how+副词fast,强调速度)
3. (what引导)What delicious food we had at the restaurant!(我们在餐厅吃的食物多美味啊!what+形容词+不可数名词food)
4. (how引导)How happy I am to see my old friend again!(再次见到老朋友,我多开心啊!how+形容词happy,后接不定式表原因)
5. (what引导)What interesting stories he told us!(他给我们讲的故事多有趣啊!what+形容词+复数名词stories)
6. (how引导)How beautiful the sunset is over the sea!(海上的日落多美啊!how+形容词beautiful,强调日落的景色)
7. (what引导)What a clever boy your son is!(你儿子真是个聪明的男孩啊!what+a+形容词+单数名词boy)
8. (how引导)How quickly she finished her homework!(她完成作业多快啊!how+副词quickly,强调动作速度)
9. (直接感叹)What a surprise!(真是个惊喜啊!省略主语和谓语,直接用what+a+名词表感叹)
10. (how引导)How hard the students are studying for the exam!(学生们为了考试学习多努力啊!how+副词hard,强调学习的程度)
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
