主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)是英语语法的核心规则之一,指主语的单复数形式必须与谓语动词的单复数形式保持一致。其核心逻辑是“主语决定谓语”——谓语动词的形态(如单数第三人称“-s/-es”、复数原形等)需根据主语的“数”(单数/复数)、“意义”(形式单复数与实际意义是否一致)及“结构”(简单主语/复合主语)来调整。
一、基础规则:单数主语配单数谓语,复数主语配复数谓语
这是最核心的原则,适用于“主语为单一可数名词、不可数名词或单数代词”的情况。
单数主语(如a book, he, water):谓语动词用单数形式(动词原形加“-s/-es”,be动词用is/was);
复数主语(如books, they, children):谓语动词用复数形式(动词原形,be动词用are/were)。
1. A single leaf falls from the tree in autumn.(一片叶子在秋天从树上落下。主语“a single leaf”是单数可数名词,谓语“fall”用单数“falls”)
2. My sister plays the piano every evening.(我妹妹每天晚上弹钢琴。主语“my sister”是单数第三人称,谓语“play”用单数“plays”)
3. The information about this project is very useful.(关于这个项目的信息非常有用。主语“information”是不可数名词,视为单数,be动词用“is”)
4. He goes to the gym three times a week.(他每周去三次健身房。主语“he”是单数代词,谓语“go”用单数“goes”)
5. This new smartphone costs more than I expected.(这款新手机比我预期的贵。主语“this new smartphone”是单数,谓语“cost”用单数“costs”)
6. The students in Class 2 attend a lecture every Friday.(二班的学生每周五听一次讲座。主语“the students”是复数,谓语“attend”用原形)
7. These old photos bring back many happy memories.(这些旧照片唤起了许多美好的回忆。主语“these old photos”是复数,谓语“bring”用原形)
8. They are preparing for the final exam these days.(他们这些天在准备期末考试。主语“they”是复数代词,be动词用“are”)
9. The children love playing games in the park.(孩子们喜欢在公园里玩游戏。主语“the children”是复数,谓语“love”用原形)
10. Those books on the shelf belong to my brother.(书架上的那些书是我哥哥的。主语“those books”是复数,谓语“belong”用原形)
二、特殊规则1:“形式单数,意义复数”的主语(谓语用复数)
部分主语形式上是单数名词(如集合名词、某些特殊名词),但实际指代“多个个体” ,视为复数,谓语动词需用复数形式。常见此类主语包括:
集合名词:family(家人)、team(队员)、class(全班同学)、staff(全体员工)、crowd(人群)等(强调“个体”时用复数,强调“整体”时用单数,需结合语境判断);
特殊名词:police(警察)、people(人们)、cattle(牛群)等(本身表复数,无单数形式)。
1. My family are all fond of hiking on weekends.(我的家人都喜欢周末去徒步。主语“family”强调“家人个体”,视为复数,谓语用“are”)
2. The football team are discussing their new training plan now.(这支足球队的队员们正在讨论新的训练计划。“team”强调“队员个体”,谓语用复数“are discussing”)
3. The police are searching for the missing child in the neighborhood.(警察正在社区里搜寻失踪的孩子。“police”本身表复数,谓语用“are searching”)
4. The class are preparing different programs for the school party.(全班同学正在为学校晚会准备不同的节目。“class”强调“同学个体”,谓语用复数“are preparing”)
5. People are becoming more and more aware of environmental protection.(人们越来越重视环境保护。“people”表复数,谓语用“are becoming”)
6. The staff are satisfied with the new welfare policy of the company.(全体员工对公司新的福利政策感到满意。“staff”强调“员工个体”,谓语用“are satisfied”)
7. A large crowd are waiting for the famous singer at the airport.(一大群人在机场等这位著名歌手。“crowd”强调“人群中的个体”,谓语用“are waiting”)
8. The cattle are grazing in the grassland under the sun.(牛群在阳光下的草地上吃草。“cattle”本身表复数,谓语用“are grazing”)
9. The committee are divided on this important decision.(委员会成员在这个重要决定上意见分歧。“committee”强调“成员个体”,谓语用“are divided”)
10. The audience are cheering loudly for the performers on the stage.(观众在为舞台上的表演者大声欢呼。“audience”强调“观众个体”,谓语用“are cheering”)
三、特殊规则2:“形式复数,意义单数”的主语(谓语用单数)
部分主语形式上是复数名词,但实际指代“单一概念、学科或事物” ,视为单数,谓语动词需用单数形式。常见此类主语包括:
学科名词:maths(数学)、physics(物理)、politics(政治)、economics(经济学)等;
特殊名词:news(新闻)、means(方法,单复数同形,表“一种方法”时用单数)、works(工厂,表“工厂”时可视为单数)、the United States(美国,表国家时视为单数)等;
不可数名词+复数后缀:如“advice”(建议,不可数)无复数,“information”(信息,不可数)无复数,若此类词误加“-s”(如informations),仍视为单数(但需注意:正确语法中不可数名词无复数,此处仅为规则说明)。
1. Maths is my favorite subject because it challenges my thinking.(数学是我最喜欢的学科,因为它能锻炼我的思维。“maths”是学科名词,视为单数,谓语用“is”)
2. The news about the new space mission spreads quickly around the world.(关于新太空任务的新闻在全球迅速传播。“news”形式复数,意义单数,谓语用“spreads”)
3. Physics requires a lot of logical thinking and practical experiments.(物理需要大量的逻辑思维和实际实验。“physics”是学科名词,视为单数,谓语用“requires”)
4. This means of transportation is more efficient than the old one.(这种交通方式比旧的更高效。“means”表“一种方法”,视为单数,谓语用“is”)
5. Politics is a complex subject that involves many social issues.(政治是一门涉及许多社会问题的复杂学科。“politics”是学科名词,视为单数,谓语用“is”)
6. The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world.(美国是世界上最发达的国家之一。“the United States”表国家,视为单数,谓语用“is”)
7. This factory works 24 hours a day to meet the market demand.(这家工厂24小时运转以满足市场需求。“works”表“工厂”,视为单数,谓语用“works”)
8. Economics studies how societies use limited resources.(经济学研究社会如何利用有限资源。“economics”是学科名词,视为单数,谓语用“studies”)
9. The latest news about the earthquake is very worrying.(关于地震的最新消息非常令人担忧。“news”意义单数,谓语用“is”)
10. Another means of solving this problem has been proposed by the expert.(专家提出了另一种解决这个问题的方法。“means”表“一种方法”,视为单数,谓语用“has been proposed”)
四、特殊规则3:复合主语的主谓一致
当主语由“and”“or/nor”“with/together with”等连接时,需根据“连接词的逻辑关系”判断主语的单复数:
1. and连接两个并列主语:通常视为复数,谓语用复数;但如果两个主语指代“同一人/同一事物”(如“The writer and poet”“bread and butter”),则视为单数,谓语用单数。
2. or/nor连接两个并列主语:遵循“就近原则”——谓语动词的单复数与“靠近谓语的主语”保持一致。
3. with/together with/as well as连接两个主语:遵循“就前原则”——谓语动词的单复数仅与“前面的主语”保持一致,后面的主语仅为补充成分。
1. Tom and his brother often play basketball after school.(汤姆和他哥哥经常放学后打篮球。“and”连接两个不同主语,视为复数,谓语用“play”)
2. The writer and poet will give a speech in our school next week.(这位作家兼诗人下周将在我们学校做演讲。“the writer and poet”指同一人,视为单数,谓语用“will give”)
3. Bread and butter is a common breakfast in Western countries.(面包加黄油是西方国家常见的早餐。“bread and butter”指同一食物组合,视为单数,谓语用“is”)
4. Either you or your sister is responsible for this mistake.(要么你,要么你妹妹要为这个错误负责。“or”连接主语,就近原则,“your sister”是单数,谓语用“is”)
5. Neither the teacher nor the students are satisfied with the test results.(老师和学生都对考试结果不满意。“nor”连接主语,就近原则,“the students”是复数,谓语用“are”)
6. My mother, together with my aunt, is visiting my grandmother this weekend.(我妈妈和我阿姨这周末要去看望我奶奶。“together with”连接,就前原则,“my mother”是单数,谓语用“is visiting”)
7. The manager, as well as his team members, attends the weekly meeting every Monday.(经理和他的团队成员每周一参加周会。“as well as”连接,就前原则,“the manager”是单数,谓语用“attends”)
8. Either the cat or the dogs have eaten the food on the table.(要么猫,要么狗吃了桌子上的食物。“or”连接,就近原则,“the dogs”是复数,谓语用“have eaten”)
9. Rice and vegetables are the main food for many people in Asia.(米饭和蔬菜是亚洲许多人的主食。“and”连接两个不同主语,视为复数,谓语用“are”)
10. The singer, along with her band members, is performing in this city tonight.(这位歌手和她的乐队成员今晚将在这座城市演出。“along with”连接,就前原则,“the singer”是单数,谓语用“is performing”)
五、特殊规则4:“量词+of+名词”作主语(谓语由量词单复数决定)
当主语结构为“a lot of/lots of/plenty of/many of/much of/some of/most of + 名词”时,谓语动词的单复数由“of后面的名词”决定(名词是可数复数,谓语用复数;名词是不可数/可数单数,谓语用单数);
若结构为“a number of + 可数复数名词”(许多),谓语用复数;“the number of + 可数复数名词”(……的数量),谓语用单数(“the number”是核心主语,表单数)。
1. A lot of students are interested in learning English online.(很多学生对在线学英语感兴趣。“of”后是可数复数“students”,谓语用“are interested in”)
2. A lot of water is wasted every day in our school.(我们学校每天浪费很多水。“of”后是不可数“water”,谓语用“is wasted”)
3. Some of the books were borrowed from the library last month.(这些书中有一些是上个月从图书馆借的。“of”后是复数“books”,谓语用“were borrowed”)
4. Some of the money was spent on buying new books for the children.(这笔钱中有一些花在了给孩子们买新书上。“of”后是不可数“money”,谓语用“was spent”)
5. A number of young people are volunteering in the community center.(许多年轻人在社区中心做志愿者。“a number of”+复数名词,谓语用“are volunteering”)
6. The number of volunteers in this organization has increased by 50% this year.(这个组织的志愿者人数今年增加了50%。“the number of”是核心主语,表单数,谓语用“has increased”)
7. Most of the land in this area is used for growing wheat.(这个地区的大部分土地用于种小麦。“of”后是不可数“land”,谓语用“is used for”)
8. Most of the employees agree with the new working schedule.(大多数员工同意新的工作时间表。“of”后是复数“employees”,谓语用“agree with”)
9. Much of the information is collected from reliable sources.(大部分信息来自可靠的来源。“of”后是不可数“information”,谓语用“is collected”)
10. Many of the old buildings in this town have been renovated in recent years.(这个小镇的许多老建筑近年来都被翻新了。“of”后是复数“buildings”,谓语用“have been renovated”)
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
