[4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
定语(Attribute)是英语中用于修饰、限定名词或代词的语法成分,核心功能是通过补充信息(如性质、特征、数量、所属、类别等),明确被修饰词(即“中心词”)的“具体所指”,让句子语义更精准。定语的位置灵活,可位于中心词之前(前置定语)或之后(后置定语),且形式多样(单词、短语、从句均可作定语)。
1. 核心作用:定语的本质是“回答关于中心词的疑问”。
中心词是“book”,定语可回答“什么样的书?”(a *interesting* book)、“谁的书?”(*my* book)、“多少本书?”(*three* books)、“哪本书?”(the book *on the desk*)。
2. 根据构成形式,定语可分为单词定语、短语定语和从句定语(即“定语从句”),其中单词定语多前置,短语和从句定语多后置。
一、形容词作定语(表性质、特征,最常用)
规则:形容词直接位于中心词前,修饰名词的“性质”(如颜色、大小、品质等);若有多个形容词修饰同一中心词,需遵循“限定词(如a/an/the)→ 描绘性形容词(如beautiful)→ 大小/长短 → 形状 → 年龄/新旧 → 颜色 → 国籍/来源 → 材料 → 用途”的顺序。
1. She bought a red dress for her birthday party.(她为生日派对买了一条红色的裙子。形容词“red”修饰名词“dress”,表颜色特征)
2. This is a small and cozy coffee shop near my home.(这是我家附近一家小而舒适的咖啡店。两个形容词“small”“cozy”并列修饰“coffee shop”,表大小和感受)
3. He has a valuable antique watch inherited from his grandfather.(他有一块从祖父那里继承的珍贵古董手表。形容词“valuable”修饰“watch”,表价值特征)
4. The tall boy standing by the window is my classmate.(站在窗边的那个高个子男孩是我的同学。形容词“tall”修饰“boy”,表身高特征)
5. We need to find a quiet place to study for the exam.(我们需要找一个安静的地方备考。形容词“quiet”修饰“place”,表环境特征)
6. She received a beautiful pink flower bouquet on Valentine’s Day.(情人节那天,她收到了一束漂亮的粉色花束。“beautiful”(描绘性)+“pink”(颜色),符合形容词排序规则)
7. The old stone bridge has stood here for over 200 years.(这座古老的石桥已经在这里矗立了200多年。“old”(年龄)+“stone”(材料),修饰“bridge”)
8. He wore a warm woolen sweater to keep out the cold.(他穿了一件温暖的羊毛毛衣御寒。“warm”(描绘性)+“woolen”(材料),修饰“sweater”)
9. The new Japanese restaurant downtown is very popular.(市中心那家新开的日式餐厅很受欢迎。“new”(新旧)+“Japanese”(国籍/来源),修饰“restaurant”)
10. I found a round wooden table in the second-hand store.(我在二手店里找到了一张圆形的木桌。“round”(形状)+“wooden”(材料),修饰“table”)
二、代词作定语(表所属、数量、泛指等)
规则:常用代词包括形容词性物主代词(my, your, his等,表“所属”)、指示代词(this, that, these, those,表“指代”)、不定代词(some, any, many, few等,表“数量/泛指”),均位于中心词前。
1. My mother often makes delicious cookies on weekends.(我妈妈经常在周末做美味的饼干。形容词性物主代词“my”修饰“mother”,表“我的”)
2. This book I’m reading is about the history of ancient China.(我正在读的这本书是关于中国古代史的。指示代词“this”修饰“book”,表“这本”)
3. Do you have any questions about today’s math lesson?(你对今天的数学课有任何问题吗?不定代词“any”修饰“questions”,表“任何”,用于疑问句)
4. His new car is parked in the garage downstairs.(他的新车停在楼下的车库里。形容词性物主代词“his”修饰“car”,表“他的”)
5. These flowers in the vase were sent by my best friend.(花瓶里的这些花是我最好的朋友送的。指示代词“these”修饰“flowers”,表“这些”)
6. We need to buy some fruits and vegetables for the week.(我们需要买一些这周吃的水果和蔬菜。不定代词“some”修饰“fruits”“vegetables”,表“一些”,用于肯定句)
7. That tall building over there is the new city library.(那边那栋高楼是新的市图书馆。指示代词“that”修饰“building”,表“那栋”)
8. Her voice sounds like a beautiful song in the morning.(她的声音在早晨听起来像一首动听的歌。形容词性物主代词“her”修饰“voice”,表“她的”)
9. There are few students in the classroom because it’s a holiday.(教室里几乎没有学生,因为今天是假日。不定代词“few”修饰“students”,表“几乎没有”,含否定意义)
10. Your suggestion helped us solve the problem successfully.(你的建议帮助我们成功解决了问题。形容词性物主代词“your”修饰“suggestion”,表“你的”)
三、数词作定语(表数量、顺序)
规则:分为基数词(one, two, three等,表“数量多少”)和序数词(first, second, third等,表“顺序第几”),均位于中心词前;序数词前常加定冠词“the”。
1. He has two sisters and one brother.(他有两个姐姐和一个哥哥。基数词“two”“one”分别修饰“sisters”“brother”,表数量)
2. This is the third time I’ve called him today.(这是我今天第三次给他打电话了。序数词“third”修饰“time”,表顺序,前加“the”)
3. She bought five apples and a dozen eggs from the supermarket.(她从超市买了五个苹果和一打鸡蛋。基数词“five”修饰“apples”,“a dozen”(表“12个”)修饰“eggs”)
4. The first lesson of the new term is about safety education.(新学期的第一节课是安全教育。序数词“first”修饰“lesson”,表顺序)
5. We need ten volunteers to help organize the school concert.(我们需要十名志愿者帮忙组织学校音乐会。基数词“ten”修饰“volunteers”,表数量)
6. His birthday is on the twelfth of September.(他的生日在九月十二日。序数词“twelfth”修饰“of September”,表日期顺序,前加“the”)
7. There are thirty students in our English class.(我们英语班有三十名学生。基数词“thirty”修饰“students”,表数量)
8. She won the second prize in the school’s singing competition.(她在学校的歌唱比赛中获得了二等奖。序数词“second”修饰“prize”,表名次顺序)
9. He drank three cups of coffee to stay awake.(他喝了三杯咖啡来保持清醒。基数词“three”修饰“cups”,表数量)
10. The fifth floor of this building is a computer lab.(这栋楼的五楼是一个计算机实验室。序数词“fifth”修饰“floor”,表楼层顺序)
四、名词作定语(表类别、用途)
规则:直接用名词修饰另一个名词,表“类别”(如“shoe store”=卖鞋的店)、“用途”(如“coffee cup”=装咖啡的杯子)或“材料”(如“stone wall”=石头墙),被修饰的名词多为单数(少数例外,如“sports meeting”“clothes shop”)。
1. She works in a shoe store near the shopping mall.(她在商场附近的一家鞋店工作。名词“shoe”修饰“store”,表“鞋类商店”,类别)
2. He bought a new coffee cup for his morning coffee.(他买了一个新的咖啡杯来装早咖啡。名词“coffee”修饰“cup”,表“装咖啡的杯子”,用途)
3. The school will hold a sports meeting next month.(学校下个月将举办一场运动会。名词“sports”(复数)修饰“meeting”,表“体育类会议”,类别)
4. We need to replace the old battery for this clock.(我们需要给这个钟换一块新电池。名词“battery”修饰“for this clock”,表“钟用的电池”,用途)
5. She bought a children’s book with colorful pictures.(她买了一本带彩色插图的儿童书。名词所有格“children’s”修饰“book”,表“给儿童的书”,类别)
6. The stone wall around the garden was built 50 years ago.(花园周围的石墙是50年前建的。名词“stone”修饰“wall”,表“石头做的墙”,材料)
7. He opened a clothes shop downtown last year.(他去年在市中心开了一家服装店。名词“clothes”(复数)修饰“shop”,表“卖衣服的店”,类别)
8. This is a student dormitory for first-year college students.(这是一栋给大一学生住的学生宿舍。名词“student”修饰“dormitory”,表“学生住的宿舍”,类别)
9. She used a paper bag to carry the vegetables.(她用一个纸袋来装蔬菜。名词“paper”修饰“bag”,表“纸做的袋子”,材料)
10. The summer vacation will start in early July.(暑假将在七月初开始。名词“summer”修饰“vacation”,表“夏天的假期”,类别)
五、介词短语作定语(表位置、所属、时间等)
规则:由“介词+名词/代词/动名词”构成,必须位于中心词后,修饰中心词的“位置”(如“the book on the desk”)、“所属”(如“the girl from China”)或“时间”(如“the meeting in the morning”)。
1. The book on the desk is my favorite novel.(桌子上的那本书是我最喜欢的小说。介词短语“on the desk”修饰“book”,表位置,后置)
2. The girl from Canada speaks both English and French.(来自加拿大的那个女孩会说英语和法语。介词短语“from Canada”修饰“girl”,表来源,后置)
3. We will attend the meeting about environmental protection tomorrow.(我们明天将参加关于环境保护的会议。介词短语“about environmental protection”修饰“meeting”,表主题,后置)
4. The man in a black coat is our new math teacher.(穿黑色外套的那个男人是我们的新数学老师。介词短语“in a black coat”修饰“man”,表穿着,后置)
5. I need to finish the report for my boss by Friday.(我需要在周五前完成给老板的报告。介词短语“for my boss”修饰“report”,表对象,后置)
6. The park near our community is a good place to walk.(我们小区附近的公园是散步的好地方。介词短语“near our community”修饰“park”,表位置,后置)
7. She received a gift from her best friend on her birthday.(她生日那天收到了来自最好朋友的礼物。介词短语“from her best friend”修饰“gift”,表来源,后置)
8. The song on the radio is very popular among young people.(收音机里播放的那首歌在年轻人中很流行。介词短语“on the radio”修饰“song”,表播放渠道,后置)
9. We visited the museum of ancient history last weekend.(我们上周末参观了古代历史博物馆。介词短语“of ancient history”修饰“museum”,表类别,后置)
10. The girl with long hair is my cousin.(留着长发的那个女孩是我的表妹。介词短语“with long hair”修饰“girl”,表特征,后置)
六、分词短语作定语(表主动/被动、进行/完成)
规则:分为现在分词短语(doing结构,表“主动”或“正在进行”)和过去分词短语(done结构,表“被动”或“已完成”),均位于中心词后,相当于一个简化的定语从句。
现在分词短语:
1. The boy playing basketball on the playground is my brother.(在操场上打篮球的那个男孩是我弟弟。现在分词短语“playing basketball”修饰“boy”,表主动(男孩打篮球),后置)
2. I met a woman selling fresh flowers on the street.(我在街上遇到了一个卖鲜花的女人。现在分词短语“selling fresh flowers”修饰“woman”,表主动(女人卖花),后置)
3. The movie showing in the cinema now is very interesting.(现在电影院正在放映的那部电影很有趣。现在分词短语“showing in the cinema”修饰“movie”,表主动(电影被放映,此处用showing表“正在放映”),后置)
4. The students preparing for the exam are working very hard.(正在备考的学生们学习非常努力。现在分词短语“preparing for the exam”修饰“students”,表主动(学生备考),后置)
5. We saw a group of children running in the park this morning.(今天早上我们看到一群在公园里跑步的孩子。现在分词短语“running in the park”修饰“children”,表主动(孩子跑步),后置)
过去分词短语:
6. The letter written by my father was sent yesterday.(我爸爸写的那封信昨天寄出去了。过去分词短语“written by my father”修饰“letter”,表被动(信被写),后置)
7. This is a photo taken during my trip to Japan last year.(这是我去年去日本旅行时拍的一张照片。过去分词短语“taken during my trip”修饰“photo”,表被动(照片被拍),后置)
8. The building destroyed by the earthquake is being rebuilt now.(被地震摧毁的那栋楼现在正在重建。过去分词短语“destroyed by the earthquake”修饰“building”,表被动(楼被摧毁),后置)
9. She wore a dress made of silk to the party.(她穿了一条丝绸做的裙子去参加派对。过去分词短语“made of silk”修饰“dress”,表被动(裙子由丝绸制成),后置)
10. The problem discussed in the meeting needs to be solved as soon as possible.(会议上讨论过的那个问题需要尽快解决。过去分词短语“discussed in the meeting”修饰“problem”,表被动(问题被讨论),后置)
七、不定式短语作定语(表目的、将来、未完成)
规则:由“to+动词原形”构成,位于中心词后,常修饰表“动作”“时间”“地点”的名词(如“a plan to visit”“time to go”“a place to live”),表“要做的事”“即将发生的动作”或“用途”。
1. She has a plan to visit her grandparents during the Spring Festival.(她有一个春节期间去看望祖父母的计划。不定式短语“to visit her grandparents”修饰“plan”,表“计划要做的事”,后置)
2. We need to find a place to live in this city.(我们需要在这座城市找一个住的地方。不定式短语“to live”修饰“place”,表“用来住的地方”,后置,注意“live”是不及物动词,需加介词“in”)
3. He has no time to watch TV because he is too busy.(他没有时间看电视,因为他太忙了。不定式短语“to watch TV”修饰“time”,表“用来看电视的时间”,后置)
4. This is a good opportunity to improve your English.(这是一个提高你英语水平的好机会。不定式短语“to improve your English”修饰“opportunity”,表“用来提高英语的机会”,后置)
5. She bought a new pen to write letters with.(她买了一支新钢笔用来写信。不定式短语“to write letters”修饰“pen”,表“用来写信的钢笔”,后置,“write”需加介词“with”)
6. The teacher gave us some homework to finish by tomorrow.(老师给我们布置了一些明天前要完成的作业。不定式短语“to finish”修饰“homework”,表“要完成的作业”,后置)
7. We have a lot of things to do before the trip.(旅行前我们有很多事情要做。不定式短语“to do”修饰“things”,表“要做的事情”,后置)
8. He is looking for a job to support his family.(他正在找一份养家糊口的工作。不定式短语“to support his family”修饰“job”,表“用来养家的工作”,后置)
9. This is the right way to solve the problem.(这是解决这个问题的正确方法。不定式短语“to solve the problem”修饰“way”,表“用来解决问题的方法”,后置)
10. She has a dream to become a doctor in the future.(她有一个将来成为医生的梦想。不定式短语“to become a doctor”修饰“dream”,表“梦想实现的事”,后置)
八、从句作定语(即“定语从句”,修饰名词/代词,详前)
规则:由关系代词(who/which/that等)或关系副词(when/where/why等)引导,位于中心词(先行词)后,分为限制性和非限制性两种,本质是“用完整句子修饰名词”,比短语定语更复杂。
限制性定语从句:
1. The girl who is wearing a red hat is my classmate.(戴红帽子的那个女孩是我的同学。who引导定语从句,修饰“girl”,限定“哪个女孩”,无逗号)
2. This is the book that I borrowed from the library yesterday.(这是我昨天从图书馆借的那本书。that引导定语从句,修饰“book”,限定“哪本书”,无逗号)
3. The city where I was born has changed a lot.(我出生的那座城市变化很大。where引导定语从句,修饰“city”,限定“哪座城市”,无逗号)
非限制性定语从句:
4. My father, who is a doctor, works in a big hospital.(我爸爸是一名医生,他在一家大医院工作。who引导定语从句,补充“father”的职业,有逗号,去掉从句后主句仍完整)
5. We visited Beijing, which is the capital of China, last year.(我们去年参观了北京,它是中国的首都。which引导定语从句,补充“Beijing”的身份,有逗号)
6. The meeting, which started at 9 a.m., lasted for two hours.(会议上午9点开始,持续了两个小时。which引导定语从句,补充“meeting”的时间,有逗号)
更多例句:
7. The man whom you met at the party last night is my uncle.(你昨晚在派对上遇到的那个男人是我叔叔。whom引导定语从句,修饰“man”,作宾语,可省略)
8. This is the reason why he didn’t come to the meeting.(这就是他没来开会的原因。why引导定语从句,修饰“reason”,表原因)
9. The house whose windows face south is very bright.(窗户朝南的那栋房子光线很好。whose引导定语从句,修饰“house”,表“房子的窗户”)
10. He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他的父母很开心。which引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句内容,补充结果)
九、定语的位置总结(避坑关键)
1. 前置定语:单词定语(形容词、代词、数词、名词)通常位于中心词前,多个前置定语需按规则排序;
2. 后置定语:短语定语(介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语)和从句定语(定语从句)必须位于中心词后,不可前置;
3. 特殊情况:少数形容词(如alone, alive, asleep, afraid等表“状态”的形容词)需后置,如“the man alone”(独自的男人)、“the cat asleep”(睡着的猫)。
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
![[4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问 [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问](https://img.alicdn.com/imgextra/i1/202703964/O1CN01n7hTcj1f9YkJfKzz2_!!202703964.jpg)