直接引语 和 间接引语

直接引语和间接引语是英语中传递他人话语的两种方式,核心区别在于是否保留原句的语言形式:直接引语原样引用他人话语,间接引语则将他人话语转化为自己的表述,需调整时态、人称、指示代词等细节以符合语境逻辑。

一、直接引语(Direct Speech)

直接引语是一字不差地引用他人的原话,需用引号(" ") 标注,且通常搭配引导词“say”“ask”“tell”等(“tell”后需接宾语,如“tell me”)。

核心特点:

1. 保留原句的时态、人称、指示代词、时间/地点状语(如原句用“I”,直接引语仍用“I”;原句用“today”,直接引语仍用“today”);

2. 引号内的句子需符合原句的语法结构,句末标点(句号、问号、感叹号)需放在引号内;

3. 引导词(如said, asked)后可接逗号,连接引号内的句子。

直接引语例句:

1. My mother said, “I will cook your favorite dish for dinner tonight.”(我妈妈说:“今晚我会给你做你最爱吃的菜。” 引号内保留原句的将来时“will cook”、第一人称“I”和时间状语“tonight”)

2. The teacher asked, “Did you finish your homework yesterday?”(老师问:“你们昨天完成作业了吗?” 引号内保留原句的一般过去时疑问句结构,问号在引号内)

3. Tom told his friend, “I have visited this museum three times.”(汤姆对他的朋友说:“我已经参观过这家博物馆三次了。” “told”后接宾语“his friend”,引号内用现在完成时“have visited”)

4. She shouted, “Be careful! There’s a car coming!”(她大喊:“小心!有车过来了!” 引号内保留感叹句结构,感叹号在引号内)

5. The old man said, “I lived in this village when I was young.”(老人说:“我年轻时住在这个村子里。” 引号内保留一般过去时“lived”和时间状语“when I was young”)

6. My classmate asked me, “Can you lend me your English notebook?”(我的同学问我:“你能借我你的英语笔记本吗?” “asked”后接宾语“me”,引号内用情态动词“can”的疑问句)

7. The reporter said, “The meeting will start at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning.”(记者说:“会议将于明天上午9点开始。” 引号内保留将来时“will start”和时间状语“tomorrow morning”)

8. He whispered to his sister, “I don’t want to go to the party.”(他对妹妹小声说:“我不想去那个派对。” 引号内保留否定句结构“don’t want”)

9. The tour guide said, “This ancient building was built 500 years ago.”(导游说:“这座古建筑是500年前建造的。” 引号内保留一般过去时的被动语态“was built”)

10. My little brother asked, “Why is the sky blue?”(我弟弟问:“天空为什么是蓝色的?” 引号内保留特殊疑问句结构,疑问词“why”在引号内)

二、间接引语(Indirect Speech/Reported Speech)

间接引语是用自己的话转述他人的内容,无需引号,需根据“转述时的语境”调整原句的时态、人称、指示代词、时间/地点状语,使逻辑连贯。间接引语通常由“that”“if/whether”(表疑问)或疑问词(what, why等)引导(“that”常可省略)。

间接引语的核心调整规则(关键!)

1. 时态调整:若主句是“过去时”(如said, asked, told),间接引语需将原句时态“倒推一级”(客观真理、永恒事实除外,仍用一般现在时);若主句是“现在时”(如says, asks),间接引语时态不变。

时态倒推表:

一般现在时 → 一般过去时(do → did)

现在进行时 → 过去进行时(am/is/are doing → was/were doing)

现在完成时 → 过去完成时(have/has done → had done)

一般过去时 → 过去完成时(did → had done)

一般将来时 → 过去将来时(will do → would do;be going to → was/were going to)

2. 人称调整:根据“转述者、原说话人、听话人”的关系,将原句的人称代词(I, you, we等)改为符合语境的代词(如原句“I”,若原说话人是“他”,转述时改为“he”)。

3. 指示代词/时间/地点状语调整:

指示代词:this → that;these → those

时间状语:now → then;today → that day;tomorrow → the next day;yesterday → the day before

地点状语:here → there

动词:come → go

间接引语例句(对应直接引语逻辑,便于对比)

1. My mother said (that) she would cook my favorite dish for dinner that night.(我妈妈说她那晚要给我做我最爱吃的菜。主句“said”是过去时,原句“will cook”→“would cook”,“I”→“she”,“tonight”→“that night”,“that”省略)

2. The teacher asked if/whether we had finished our homework the day before.(老师问我们前一天是否完成了作业。原句是一般过去时疑问句,主句“asked”是过去时,“did finish”→“had finished”,“you”→“we”,“yesterday”→“the day before”,用“if/whether”引导疑问)

3. Tom told his friend (that) he had visited that museum three times.(汤姆对他的朋友说他已经参观过那家博物馆三次了。主句“told”是过去时,原句“have visited”→“had visited”,“I”→“he”,“this”→“that”)

4. She shouted to warn us that we should be careful because there was a car coming.(她大喊提醒我们要小心,因为有车过来了。原句感叹句转化为陈述句,“is coming”→“was coming”,补充“to warn us”使语义更完整)

5. The old man said (that) he had lived in that village when he was young.(老人说他年轻时住在那个村子里。原句“lived”是一般过去时,主句“said”是过去时,但“when he was young”是明确的过去时间,无需倒推为过去完成时,“this”→“that”)

6. My classmate asked me if/whether I could lend him my English notebook.(我的同学问我是否能借他我的英语笔记本。原句“can”→“could”,“you”→“I”,“me”→“him”,用“if/whether”引导疑问)

7. The reporter said (that) the meeting would start at 9 o’clock the next morning.(记者说会议将于第二天上午9点开始。原句“will start”→“would start”,“tomorrow morning”→“the next morning”)

8. He whispered to his sister (that) he didn’t want to go to that party.(他对妹妹小声说他不想去那个派对。原句“don’t want”→“didn’t want”,“I”→“he”,“the”→“that”,此处“the”无需调整,用“that”更明确)

9. The tour guide said (that) that ancient building had been built 500 years ago.(导游说那座古建筑是500年前建造的。原句“was built”→“had been built”,“this”→“that”,被动语态随时态倒推)

10. My little brother asked why the sky is blue.(我弟弟问天空为什么是蓝色的。“天空是蓝色的”是客观真理,即使主句“asked”是过去时,间接引语仍用一般现在时“is”,无需倒推)

英语基础