转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性

在英语构词法中,转化法(Conversion) 又称“零后缀构词法(Zero Derivation)”,指不添加任何前缀、后缀等构词成分,仅通过改变单词的词性(如名词→动词、动词→名词、形容词→动词等)来构成新词的方法。这种构词方式简洁灵活,是英语中最基础、最常用的构词手段之一,新转化的单词往往保留原词的核心语义,但会根据新词性赋予具体语境下的延伸含义,且拼写通常完全不变(少数情况下发音会微调,如重音位置变化)。

转化法的核心是“词性转换,形式不变”,主要可分为以下几类(按常见转换方向排序),不同类别下的语义延伸逻辑各有侧重:

名词→动词(Noun to Verb):最常见的转化类型,核心是“将名词所指代的‘事物、场所、身份’等,转化为‘使用该事物、在该场所做动作、扮演该身份’的动作”。

动词→名词(Verb to Noun):第二大常见类型,核心是“将动词所表示的‘动作’,转化为‘动作本身、动作的结果、动作的场所或工具’”。

形容词→动词(Adjective to Verb):核心是“将形容词所描述的‘性质、状态’,转化为‘使某物具备该性质、进入该状态’的动作(多为及物动词)”。

形容词→名词(Adjective to Noun):核心是“将形容词所描述的‘特征’,转化为‘具备该特征的人或事物’(多表泛指或群体)”。

其他跨类转化:如副词→动词、介词→动词等,相对少见,但在口语或特定语境中会出现。

一、名词→动词(Noun to Verb)

此类转化的语义逻辑多为“利用名词的属性做动作”,如“用brush(刷子)→brush(刷)”“在phone(电话)上→phone(打电话)”,是日常英语中最灵活的表达之一。

air(空气,名词)→ air(通风;播送,动词):Open the window to air the room.(开窗给房间通风。)

alarm(警报,名词)→ alarm(使警觉;报警,动词):The noise alarmed the sleeping baby.(噪音惊醒了熟睡的宝宝。)

answer(答案,名词)→ answer(回答;回应,动词):She didn’t answer my question.(她没回答我的问题。)

apple(苹果,名词)→ apple(给……贴苹果标志,动词,特指“评选优秀”):The teacher appled the best student.(老师给最优秀的学生贴了苹果贴纸。)

arm(手臂;武器,名词)→ arm(武装;配备,动词):The soldiers armed themselves with guns.(士兵们用枪武装自己。)

baby(婴儿,名词)→ baby(溺爱;照顾婴儿般对待,动词):She babies her youngest son too much.(她太溺爱小儿子了。)

back(背部;后面,名词)→ back(支持;后退,动词):I back your decision to study abroad.(我支持你出国留学的决定。)

bag(包,名词)→ bag(装袋;抢占,动词):She bagged the last ticket for the concert.(她抢到了音乐会的最后一张票。)

ball(球,名词)→ ball(打球;举办舞会,动词):They ball every weekend in summer.(夏天他们每周都去打球。)

band(乐队;带子,名词)→ band(联合;用带子绑,动词):Several companies banded together to fight the crisis.(几家公司联合起来应对危机。)

bank(银行;河岸,名词)→ bank(存钱;堆积,动词):He banks most of his salary in a savings account.(他把大部分工资存进储蓄账户。)

bar(酒吧;栅栏,名词)→ bar(禁止;用栅栏围,动词):The club barred him for being drunk.(俱乐部因他醉酒禁止他入内。)

base(基础;基地,名词)→ base(以……为基础,动词):The film is based on a true story.(这部电影基于真实故事改编。)

basket(篮子,名词)→ basket(把……装进篮子;投篮得分,动词):He basketed the apples quickly.(他快速把苹果装进篮子。)

bath(洗澡,名词)→ bath(给……洗澡,动词):She baths her cat every Sunday.(她每周日给猫洗澡。)

battle(战斗,名词)→ battle(战斗;抗争,动词):She battled cancer for five years.(她与癌症抗争了五年。)

beach(海滩,名词)→ beach(去海滩;使船搁浅,动词):We plan to beach this weekend.(我们计划这周末去海滩。)

beam(光束;横梁,名词)→ beam(发光;微笑,动词):The sun beamed through the window.(阳光透过窗户照进来。)

bear(熊,名词)→ bear(忍受;携带,动词):I can’t bear the noise anymore.(我再也忍受不了这噪音了。)

bed(床,名词)→ bed(上床睡觉;安置,动词):She usually beds early on workdays.(工作日她通常睡得很早。)

bell(铃铛,名词)→ bell(鸣铃;按铃,动词):The teacher bell the end of class.(老师按铃下课。)

belt(腰带;传送带,名词)→ belt(系腰带;快速移动,动词):He belted up before driving.(他开车前系好了安全带。)

bench(长椅;替补席,名词)→ bench(坐长椅;使替补,动词):The coach benched the star player for being late.(教练因明星球员迟到让他坐替补席。)

bend(弯曲处,名词)→ bend(弯曲;弯腰,动词):She bent down to pick up the pen.(她弯腰捡起钢笔。)

bike(自行车,名词)→ bike(骑自行车,动词):I bike to work every day.(我每天骑自行车上班。)

bill(账单;钞票,名词)→ bill(开账单;宣传,动词):The restaurant billed us dollars.(餐厅给我们开了200美元的账单。)

bird(鸟,名词)→ bird(观察鸟类,动词,特指“观鸟”):They often bird in the forest on weekends.(他们周末常去森林观鸟。)

bite(咬痕,名词)→ bite(咬;叮咬,动词):The dog bit the thief’s leg.(狗咬了小偷的腿。)

blade(刀片,名词)→ blade(用刀片割;快速移动,动词):He bladed the grass in the yard.(他用割草机割院子里的草。)

blanket(毯子,名词)→ blanket(覆盖,动词):Snow blanketed the whole village.(雪覆盖了整个村庄。)

block(街区;木块,名词)→ block(阻塞;阻挡,动词):A car accident blocked the road.(一场车祸堵住了路。)

board(木板;董事会,名词)→ board(登机;上船,动词):We need to board the plane in minutes.(我们10分钟后要登机。)

boat(船,名词)→ boat(划船,动词):They boated across the lake.(他们划船过湖。)

bomb(炸弹,名词)→ bomb(轰炸;失败,动词):The film bombed at the box office.(这部电影票房惨败。)

bone(骨头,名词)→ bone(剔骨;纠缠,动词):She boned the chicken before cooking.(她做饭前给鸡剔了骨。)

book(书;预订,名词)→ book(预订,动词):I booked a hotel room for our trip.(我为旅行预订了酒店房间。)

boot(靴子;后备箱,名词)→ boot(踢;启动,动词,口语中“启动电脑”):He booted the computer and started working.(他启动电脑开始工作。)

border(边界,名词)→ border(与……接壤;围绕,动词):France borders Germany to the east.(法国东部与德国接壤。)

bottle(瓶子,名词)→ bottle(装瓶;抑制,动词):They bottled the fresh juice this morning.(他们今早把鲜榨果汁装了瓶。)

bowl(碗;碗状物,名词)→ bowl(用碗盛;打保龄球,动词):She bowled the soup into a large bowl.(她把汤盛进一个大碗里。)

box(盒子;拳击,名词)→ box(装盒;拳击,动词):He boxes every Tuesday at the gym.(他每周二在健身房打拳击。)

brain(大脑,名词)→ brain(绞尽脑汁;智取,动词):We need to brain a way to solve this problem.(我们得想个办法解决这个问题。)

branch(树枝;分支,名词)→ branch(分叉;分支,动词):The road branches into two paths ahead.(前面的路分成了两条。)

brand(品牌,名词)→ brand(打烙印;树立品牌,动词):The company aims to brand itself as eco-friendly.(该公司旨在将自己打造成环保品牌。)

break(休息;破裂,名词)→ break(打破;休息,动词):Let’s break for minutes.(我们休息15分钟吧。)

breath(呼吸,名词)→ breath(呼吸;喘息,动词,较少见,多用作“breathe”,此处为特殊转化):He breathed heavily after running.(跑步后他呼吸急促。)(注:“breath”名词,“breathe”动词,此处为常见易混点,补充说明)

bridge(桥,名词)→ bridge(架桥;连接,动词):The new road bridges the two villages.(这条新路连接了两个村庄。)

brush(刷子,名词)→ brush(刷;轻触,动词):She brushed her hair before going out.(她出门前梳了头。)

bubble(气泡,名词)→ bubble(冒泡;沸腾,动词):Water bubbled in the pot.(锅里的水在冒泡。)

budget(预算,名词)→ budget(做预算;规划开支,动词):We need to budget our monthly expenses.(我们得规划每月开支。)

build(建筑,名词)→ build(建造;培养,动词):They built a new school in the town.(他们在镇上建了一所新学校。)

bulb(灯泡;球茎,名词)→ bulb(生球茎;安装灯泡,动词):She bulbed the lamp with a new LED light.(她给灯装了新的LED灯泡。)

bump(碰撞,名词)→ bump(碰撞;颠簸,动词):I bumped into an old friend on the street.(我在街上偶遇一位老朋友。)

bundle(捆,名词)→ bundle(捆扎;打包,动词):She bundled the clothes into a suitcase.(她把衣服打包放进行李箱。)

burn(烧伤,名词)→ burn(燃烧;烧伤,动词):The fire burned the old house to the ground.(大火把老房子烧成了平地。)

bus(公交车,名词)→ bus(乘公交车;用公交车运送,动词):They bused the students to the museum.(他们用公交车把学生送到博物馆。)

bush(灌木,名词)→ bush(丛生;躲藏,动词):Roses bushed along the fence.(玫瑰沿着篱笆丛生。)

business(生意,名词)→ business(忙于;做买卖,动词,口语中“be busied with”):She’s busied with her new business.(她忙于新业务。)

butter(黄油,名词)→ butter(涂黄油,动词):He buttered the toast before eating.(他吃吐司前涂了黄油。)

button(纽扣;按钮,名词)→ button(扣纽扣;按按钮,动词):She buttoned her coat tightly against the wind.(她把外套扣紧防风。)

cab(出租车,名词)→ cab(乘出租车,动词):We cabbed home after the party.(派对后我们坐出租车回家。)

cake(蛋糕,名词)→ cake(结块;涂厚层,动词):Dirt caked on his shoes after the rain.(雨后他的鞋子上积了厚厚的泥。)

call(电话;呼叫,名词)→ call(打电话;称呼,动词):I’ll call you tomorrow morning.(我明天早上给你打电话。)

camp(营地,名词)→ camp(露营;扎营,动词):We camped by the river last night.(昨晚我们在河边露营。)

can(罐头;能,名词/情态动词)→ can(装罐头;能,动词/情态动词):They canned the tomatoes for winter.(他们把西红柿装罐过冬。)

candle(蜡烛,名词)→ candle(点燃蜡烛;用蜡烛照明,动词):We candled the room when the power went out.(停电时我们用蜡烛照亮房间。)

candy(糖果,名词)→ candy(给……糖吃;糖化,动词):She candied the apples for Halloween.(她为万圣节做了糖苹果。)

cap(帽子;盖子,名词)→ cap(戴帽子;覆盖,动词):The mountain is capped with snow all year.(这座山终年积雪覆盖山顶。)

care(关心,名词)→ care(关心;照顾,动词):She cares for her elderly parents.(她照顾年迈的父母。)

carpet(地毯,名词)→ carpet(铺地毯,动词):They carpeted the living room with a new rug.(他们给客厅铺了新地毯。)

carve(雕刻品,名词)→ carve(雕刻;切开,动词):He carved a wooden figure from a piece of oak.(他用橡木雕刻了一个人像。)

case(情况;箱子,名词)→ case(装 cases;调查,动词):The police are casing the suspect’s house.(警方在监视嫌疑人的房子。)

cash(现金,名词)→ cash(兑现;付现金,动词):Can you cash this check for me?(你能帮我兑现这张支票吗?)

cast(铸件;演员阵容,名词)→ cast(铸造;选派演员,动词):The director cast her as the lead role.(导演选她当主角。)

catch(抓住;捕获物,名词)→ catch(抓住;赶上,动词):I barely caught the last train.(我差点没赶上末班车。)

cause(原因;事业,名词)→ cause(引起;支持,动词):Smoking causes many serious diseases.(吸烟引发多种严重疾病。)

cave(洞穴,名词)→ cave(挖洞;屈服,动词):The miners caved into the mountain to find coal.(矿工们在山里挖洞找煤。)

cell(细胞;牢房,名词)→ cell(住在牢房;分裂,动词,特指“细胞分裂”):Cells cell to grow new tissue.(细胞分裂生成新组织。)

center(中心,名词)→ center(集中;以……为中心,动词):The discussion centered on environmental protection.(讨论集中在环境保护上。)

chain(链条;连锁店,名词)→ chain(用链条拴;连锁经营,动词):They chained the dog to a tree.(他们把狗用链条拴在树上。)

二、动词→名词(Verb to Noun)

此类转化的语义逻辑多为“将动作本身或动作的结果、场所、工具转化为名词”,如“teach(教,动词)→ teach(教学,名词)”“build(建造,动词)→ build(建筑,名词)”,是书面语和口语中均高频使用的类型。

act(行动;表演,动词)→ act(行为;一幕,名词):His brave act saved the child’s life.(他的勇敢行为救了孩子的命。)

add(添加,动词)→ add(添加物;加法,名词):The final add to the report improved its quality.(报告的最后补充提升了质量。)

address(演讲;地址,动词/名词)→ address(演讲;地址,名词):She gave an address on women’s rights.(她做了一场关于女权的演讲。)

admire(钦佩,动词)→ admire(钦佩;赞赏,名词,较少见,多用作“admiration”,此处为特殊转化):His admire for her grew over time.(他对她的钦佩与日俱增。)

admit(承认;允许进入,动词)→ admit(承认;入场券,名词):His admit of guilt surprised everyone.(他承认有罪,这让所有人都很惊讶。)

advise(建议,动词)→ advise(建议,名词,多用作“advice”,此处为特殊转化):I need your advise on this matter.(这件事我需要你的建议。)

aim(瞄准;旨在,动词)→ aim(目标;瞄准,名词):Her main aim is to finish college in three years.(她的主要目标是三年内读完大学。)

alert(警告,动词)→ alert(警报;警惕,名词):The fire alert woke everyone in the building.(火警警报叫醒了大楼里的所有人。)

allow(允许,动词)→ allow(允许;许可,名词,多用作“allowance”,此处为特殊转化):The teacher gave him an allow to leave early.(老师允许他提前离开。)

answer(回答,动词)→ answer(答案;回答,名词):Do you know the answer to this question?(你知道这个问题的答案吗?)

apologize(道歉,动词)→ apologize(道歉,名词,多用作“apology”,此处为特殊转化):His apologize was sincere.(他的道歉很真诚。)

appeal(上诉;吸引,动词)→ appeal(上诉;吸引力,名词):The film has a strong appeal to young people.(这部电影对年轻人有很强的吸引力。)

apply(申请;应用,动词)→ apply(申请;应用,名词,多用作“application”,此处为特殊转化):Her apply for the job was successful.(她的求职申请成功了。)

approach(接近;方法,动词/名词)→ approach(方法;接近,名词):We need a new approach to solve this problem.(我们需要一种新方法解决这个问题。)

argue(争论,动词)→ argue(争论,名词,多用作“argument”,此处为特殊转化):Their argue lasted for hours.(他们的争论持续了几个小时。)

arrest(逮捕,动词)→ arrest(逮捕;拘留,名词):The police made an arrest last night.(警方昨晚实施了一次逮捕。)

arrive(到达,动词)→ arrive(到达,名词,多用作“arrival”,此处为特殊转化):His arrive was delayed by bad weather.(他因天气恶劣延误了抵达。)

ask(询问;请求,动词)→ ask(询问;请求,名词):I have a few asks to make of you.(我有几件事想请你帮忙。)

attack(攻击,动词)→ attack(攻击;发作,名词):The dog launched an attack on the cat.(狗攻击了猫。)

attempt(尝试,动词)→ attempt(尝试;努力,名词):He made an attempt to climb the mountain.(他尝试攀登那座山。)

attend(参加;照顾,动词)→ attend(参加;照料,名词,多用作“attendance”,此处为特殊转化):Her attend at the meeting was required.(要求她出席会议。)

attract(吸引,动词)→ attract(吸引;吸引力,名词,多用作“attraction”,此处为特殊转化):The park’s main attract is the roller coaster.(公园的主要吸引力是过山车。)

avoid(避免,动词)→ avoid(避免;回避,名词,较少见):His avoid of the topic made everyone suspicious.(他回避这个话题,让所有人都起了疑心。)

back(支持;后退,动词)→ back(背部;支持,名词):I need your back on this decision.(这个决定我需要你的支持。)

balance(平衡,动词)→ balance(平衡;余额,名词):She tried to keep her work and life in balance.(她努力保持工作和生活的平衡。)

ban(禁止,动词)→ ban(禁令,名词):The government imposed a ban on single-use plastics.(政府颁布了一次性塑料禁令。)

bathe(洗澡,动词)→ bathe(洗澡,名词,多用作“bath”,此处为特殊转化):She took a bathe before going to bed.(她睡前洗了个澡。)

battle(战斗,动词)→ battle(战斗;斗争,名词):The battle against poverty is still ongoing.(反贫困斗争仍在继续。)

beat(打败;拍打,动词)→ beat(节拍;敲打,名词):The song has a fast beat.(这首歌节奏很快。)

begin(开始,动词)→ begin(开始,名词,多用作“beginning”,此处为特殊转化):The begin of the story is very interesting.(故事的开头很有趣。)

bend(弯曲,动词)→ bend(弯曲处;弯曲,名词):There’s a sharp bend in the road ahead.(前面的路有一个急转弯。)

betray(背叛,动词)→ betray(背叛,名词,多用作“betrayal”,此处为特殊转化):His betray of trust hurt her deeply.(他的失信深深伤害了她。)

bid(投标;出价,动词)→ bid(投标;出价,名词):The company made a high bid for the project.(该公司为这个项目报了高价。)

bite(咬,动词)→ bite(咬;咬痕,名词):The dog’s bite left a mark on his hand.(狗咬的痕迹留在了他手上。)

bleed(流血,动词)→ bleed(流血;出血,名词,多用作“bleeding”,此处为特殊转化):The wound caused heavy bleed.(伤口大量出血。)

bless(祝福,动词)→ bless(祝福,名词,多用作“blessing”,此处为特殊转化):We received many bless from our friends.(我们收到了朋友们的许多祝福。)

blow(吹;爆炸,动词)→ blow(吹;打击,名词):A strong blow of wind knocked down the tree.(一阵强风把树吹倒了。)

boil(沸腾,动词)→ boil(沸腾;煮沸,名词):Bring the water to a boil before adding the pasta.(水烧开后再下意大利面。)

bomb(轰炸;失败,动词)→ bomb(炸弹;失败,名词):The film was a total bomb at the box office.(这部电影票房彻底失败。)

bond(结合;债券,动词/名词)→ bond(纽带;债券,名词):The bond between mother and child is strong.(母子间的纽带很牢固。)

boom(繁荣;轰鸣,动词)→ boom(繁荣;轰鸣声,名词):The city experienced an economic boom in the 1990s.(这座城市在20世纪90年代经历了经济繁荣。)

boot(踢;启动,动词)→ boot(靴子;启动,名词):The computer needs a new boot system.(这台电脑需要新的启动系统。)

border(接壤;围绕,动词)→ border(边界;边缘,名词):The country shares a border with three neighbors.(这个国家与三个邻国接壤。)

borrow(借,动词)→ borrow(借;借款,名词,较少见):Can I make a borrow of your pen?(我能借一下你的笔吗?)

bother(打扰,动词)→ bother(麻烦;烦恼,名词):I don’t want to be a bother to you.(我不想给你添麻烦。)

bounce(弹跳,动词)→ bounce(弹跳;反弹,名词):The ball had a high bounce after hitting the ground.(球落地后弹得很高。)

break(打破;休息,动词)→ break(休息;破裂,名词):Let’s take a 10-minute break.(我们休息10分钟吧。)

breed(繁殖;培养,动词)→ breed(品种;繁殖,名词):This breed of dog is very friendly.(这种狗很友好。)

bring(带来,动词)→ bring(带来的东西,名词,口语中“what’s your bring?”):What’s your bring to the party?(你带了什么去派对?)

brush(刷;轻触,动词)→ brush(刷子;轻触,名词):She gave the table a quick brush with a cloth.(她用布快速擦了擦桌子。)

build(建造,动词)→ build(建筑;体格,名词):The new build in the city center is very modern.(市中心的新建筑很现代化。)

burn(燃烧;烧伤,动词)→ burn(烧伤;燃烧,名词):He got a small burn from the hot pan.(他被热锅轻微烫伤了。)

burst(爆发;爆裂,动词)→ burst(爆发;爆裂,名词):There was a burst of laughter in the room.(房间里突然爆发出一阵笑声。)

buy(买,动词)→ buy(购买;便宜货,名词):This jacket was a great buy at dollars.(这件夹克50美元买的,很划算。)

call(打电话;称呼,动词)→ call(电话;呼叫,名词):I received a call from my mother this morning.(今早我接到了妈妈的电话。)

camp(露营,动词)→ camp(营地;露营,名词):We set up camp near the lake.(我们在湖边搭了营地。)

care(关心;照顾,动词)→ care(关心;照料,名词):The child needs proper care and attention.(这个孩子需要适当的照顾和关注。)

carry(携带,动词)→ carry(携带;运载,名词,口语中“carry-on”指“随身行李”):This bag has a maximum carry of kilograms.(这个包最多能装10公斤。)

catch(抓住;赶上,动词)→ catch(抓住;捕获物,名词):The fisherman’s catch was small today.(渔夫今天的捕获量很少。)

cause(引起;支持,动词)→ cause(原因;事业,名词):The main cause of the accident is still under investigation.(事故的主要原因仍在调查中。)

三、形容词→动词(Adjective to Verb)

此类转化的语义逻辑多为“使某物具备形容词所描述的性质”,如“clean(干净的,形容词)→ clean(打扫,使干净,动词)”“wide(宽的,形容词)→ widen(拓宽,使变宽,动词)”,部分单词需通过“-en”后缀辅助,但纯转化法(无后缀)也占一定比例。

bare(赤裸的;空的,形容词)→ bare(使赤裸;暴露,动词):He bared his arm to show the scar.(他露出胳膊展示伤疤。)

better(更好的,形容词)→ better(改善;胜过,动词):She tried to better her English by reading every day.(她通过每天阅读努力提高英语水平。)

black(黑色的,形容词)→ black(变黑;涂黑,动词):The smoke blacked the walls of the room.(烟把房间的墙熏黑了。)

blind(盲的,形容词)→ blind(使失明;蒙蔽,动词):The bright light blinded him for a moment.(强光让他暂时失明。)

brave(勇敢的,形容词)→ brave(勇敢面对,动词):She braved the storm to get to the hospital.(她冒着暴风雨去医院。)

calm(平静的,形容词)→ calm(使平静,动词):He tried to calm the angry crowd.(他努力让愤怒的人群平静下来。)

clean(干净的,形容词)→ clean(打扫;使干净,动词):I need to clean my room this weekend.(这周末我需要打扫房间。)

clear(清晰的;清楚的,形容词)→ clear(清除;使清晰,动词):She cleared the table after dinner.(晚饭后她收拾了桌子。)

close(近的;关闭的,形容词/动词)→ close(关闭;靠近,动词):Please close the door when you leave.(离开时请关门。)

cool(凉爽的;酷的,形容词)→ cool(使凉爽;变凉,动词):She cooled the soup by blowing on it.(她吹了吹让汤变凉。)

correct(正确的,形容词)→ correct(纠正;改正,动词):The teacher corrected the students’ mistakes.(老师纠正了学生们的错误。)

crisp(脆的,形容词)→ crisp(使变脆,动词):The sun crisped the wet clothes on the line.(太阳把晾衣绳上的湿衣服晒得变脆了。)

dark(黑暗的,形容词)→ dark(变黑;使变暗,动词):The sky darkened as the storm approached.(暴风雨来临时,天空变暗了。)

dear(亲爱的;昂贵的,形容词)→ dear(使珍贵;涨价,动词,较少见):Time has dearer the old photo.(时间让这张旧照片变得更珍贵。)

deep(深的,形容词)→ deep(加深;深入,动词):The river deepens in the rainy season.(雨季时河水变深。)

dirty(脏的,形容词)→ dirty(弄脏,动词):Don’t dirty your new shoes in the mud.(别在泥里弄脏你的新鞋。)

dry(干的,形容词)→ dry(使干燥;变干,动词):She dried her hair with a towel.(她用毛巾擦干了头发。)

dull( dull的;迟钝的,形容词)→ dull(使迟钝;变 dull,动词):The boring lecture dulled his attention.(无聊的讲座让他注意力不集中。)

empty(空的,形容词)→ empty(倒空;使空,动词):He emptied the trash before leaving.(离开前他倒了垃圾。)

equal(平等的,形容词)→ equal(等于;比得上,动词):Two plus two equals four.(2加2等于4。)

fair(公平的;晴朗的,形容词)→ fair(使公平;变晴朗,动词):The judge tried to fair the competition.(法官努力让比赛公平。)

fast(快的;牢固的,形容词)→ fast(禁食;固定,动词):He fasted for three days for religious reasons.(他因宗教原因禁食了三天。)

fat(胖的;肥的,形容词)→ fat(使变胖;长肥,动词):Eating too much sugar will fat you.(吃太多糖会让你变胖。)

fine(好的;罚款,形容词/名词)→ fine(罚款;使变纯,动词):He was fined dollars for speeding.(他因超速被罚款100美元。)

flat(平的;公寓,形容词/名词)→ flat(使变平;住公寓,动词):The heavy box flattened the cardboard.(重箱子把纸板压平了。)

fresh(新鲜的,形容词)→ fresh(使新鲜;更新,动词):She freshened the room with a new air freshener.(她用新的空气清新剂让房间空气变清新。)

full(满的,形容词)→ full(装满;吃饱,动词):The fridge is full of vegetables.(冰箱里装满了蔬菜。)(注:“full”多作形容词,动词用法较少,此处为特殊语境)

gay(快乐的,形容词)→ gay(使快乐,动词,较少见,且“gay”现多表“同性恋的”,需注意语境):Her laughter gayed the whole party.(她的笑声让整个派对变得愉快。)

good(好的,形容词)→ good(变好;造福,动词,较少见,多用作“improve”):She worked hard to good her skills.(她努力提高自己的技能。)

grand(宏伟的,形容词)→ grand(使宏伟;炫耀,动词,较少见):They granded their house with expensive decorations.(他们用昂贵的装饰把房子装点得很宏伟。)

四、形容词→名词(Adjective to Noun)

此类转化的语义逻辑多为“指代具备该形容词特征的人或事物”,如“poor(贫穷的,形容词)→ poor(穷人,名词)”“young(年轻的,形容词)→ young(年轻人,名词)”,多为复数泛指,部分需加定冠词“the”表群体。

able(有能力的,形容词)→ able(有能力的人,名词,常用“the able”):The able should help the weak.(有能力的人应该帮助弱者。)

blind(盲的,形容词)→ blind(盲人,名词,常用“the blind”):The school provides special education for the blind.(这所学校为盲人提供特殊教育。)

brave(勇敢的,形容词)→ brave(勇敢的人,名词,常用“the brave”):We should honor the brave who fought for our country.(我们应该尊重为国家战斗的勇士。)

dead(死的,形容词)→ dead(死者,名词,常用“the dead”):The government provided support for the families of the dead.(政府为死者家属提供了支持。)

deaf(聋的,形容词)→ deaf(聋人,名词,常用“the deaf”):She learned sign language to communicate with the deaf.(她学了手语和聋人交流。)

disabled(残疾的,形容词)→ disabled(残疾人,名词,常用“the disabled”):The building has facilities for the disabled.(这栋楼有残疾人设施。)

elderly(年长的,形容词)→ elderly(老年人,名词,常用“the elderly”):The community organizes activities for the elderly.(社区为老年人组织活动。)

faint(微弱的;昏厥的,形容词)→ faint(昏厥,名词;昏厥的人,名词):She had a faint after standing for too long.(她站太久后晕过去了。)

fat(胖的,形容词)→ fat(胖子,名词,口语中,略带贬义):He was called a fat by his classmates when he was young.(他小时候被同学叫胖子。)

good(好的,形容词)→ good(好人;好处,名词,常用“the good”):We should always do the good.(我们应该始终做好事。)

happy(快乐的,形容词)→ happy(快乐的人,名词,常用“the happy”):The happy always find joy in small things.(快乐的人总能在小事中找到乐趣。)

ill(生病的,形容词)→ ill(病人,名词,常用“the ill”):The nurse took care of the ill in the hospital.(护士在医院照顾病人。)

innocent(无辜的,形容词)→ innocent(无辜的人,名词,常用“the innocent”):The war harmed many innocents.(战争伤害了许多无辜的人。)

poor(贫穷的,形容词)→ poor(穷人,名词,常用“the poor”):The charity provides food and clothes for the poor.(慈善机构为穷人提供食物和衣服。)

rich(富有的,形容词)→ rich(富人,名词,常用“the rich”):The gap between the rich and the poor is growing.(贫富差距在扩大。)

sick(生病的,形容词)→ sick(病人,名词,常用“the sick”):He volunteered to help the sick in the village.(他自愿帮助村里的病人。)

silly(愚蠢的,形容词)→ silly(傻瓜,名词,口语中,略带贬义):Don’t be a silly; listen to my advice.(别傻了,听我的建议。)

strong(强壮的,形容词)→ strong(强壮的人,名词,常用“the strong”):The strong should protect the weak.(强者应该保护弱者。)

weak(虚弱的,形容词)→ weak(弱者,名词,常用“the weak”):The policy is designed to help the weak.(这项政策旨在帮助弱者。)

young(年轻的,形容词)→ young(年轻人,名词,常用“the young”):The young are more open to new ideas.(年轻人更容易接受新思想。)

五、其他跨类转化(副词/介词→动词等)

此类转化相对少见,多出现于口语、俚语或特定专业语境,语义逻辑多为“将副词/介词的‘状态、位置’转化为动作”。

down(向下,副词/介词)→ down(喝下;写下,动词):He downed a glass of water in one go.(他一口气喝下一杯水。)

up(向上,副词/介词)→ up(举起;提高,动词):She upped her salary by negotiating with the boss.(她通过和老板谈判提高了薪水。)

in(在……里,介词/副词)→ in(进入;当选,动词):He ined the room quietly without being noticed.(他悄悄进入房间,没人注意到。)

out(出去,副词/介词)→ out(拿出;熄灭,动词):She outed the candle before going to bed.(她睡前吹灭了蜡烛。)

off(离开;关闭,副词/介词)→ off(关掉;脱下,动词):He offed the lights and left the office.(他关掉灯,离开了办公室。)

on(在……上;开着,副词/介词)→ on(打开;穿上,动词):She oned the TV to watch the news.(她打开电视看新闻。)

over(越过;结束,副词/介词)→ over(越过;完成,动词):He overed the fence to get into the garden.(他翻过栅栏进入花园。)

through(穿过,副词/介词)→ through(穿过;完成,动词):She through the book in one afternoon.(她一个下午看完了这本书。)

under(在……下,副词/介词)→ under(在……下;低于,动词,较少见):The water undered the bridge after the rain.(雨后桥下积满了水。)

with(和……一起,介词)→ with(同意;支持,动词,口语中“with sb.”):I with you on this plan.(我同意你的这个计划。)

六、转化法的使用注意事项

语义关联性:转化后的单词虽词性改变,但核心语义与原词紧密相关,需结合语境理解延伸含义(如“book”名词是“书”,动词是“预订”,均与“记录、留存”的核心义相关)。

发音与重音:部分单词转化后重音位置会变化(如“record”:名词/ˈrekɔːd/(记录),动词/rɪˈkɔːd/(记录)),需注意区分,避免误解。

单复数与时态:转化为名词时,表群体的形容词名词(如“the poor”)通常为复数;转化为动词时,时态变化与普通动词一致(如“book→booked→booking”)。

语体差异:部分转化词(如“down”“up”作动词)多用于口语或非正式语境,书面语中建议使用更规范的表达(如“drink”代替“down”,“raise”代替“up”)。

转化法是英语构词的“简化工具”,掌握其规律能快速扩充词汇量,同时理解单词在不同语境下的灵活用法,是提升英语综合能力的重要基础。

英语基础