句法:定语从句:7W + 1T

定语从句用于修饰名词或代词(即先行词)的从句,核心功能是通过补充信息,明确先行词的“身份、特征、所属或范围”,相当于形容词的作用,因此也被称为“形容词性从句”。定语从句由关系词(关系代词/关系副词)引导,关系词需在从句中充当一定成分(如主语、宾语、状语等),同时连接主句和从句。

一、定语从句的核心构成:先行词 + 关系词 + 从句

1. 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词(必须是名词/代词,不能是句子),通常位于关系词之前

例:The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.(先行词是“the girl”,被从句修饰)

2. 关系词:分为关系代词和关系副词,作用是“连接主句与从句”+“在从句中充当成分”+“指代先行词”。

关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that(在从句中作主语、宾语、定语);

关系副词:when, where, why(在从句中作状语,分别表时间、地点、原因)。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句(重点)

关系代词需根据先行词的性质(指人/指物)和在从句中充当的成分(主语/宾语/定语)选择,具体用法及例句如下:

1. 关系代词who(指人,在从句中作主语)

用法:先行词是人,且关系词在从句中作主语(不可省略),从句谓语动词需与先行词的单复数一致。

1. The teacher who teaches us English is from Canada.(教我们英语的老师来自加拿大。先行词“the teacher”指人,who在从句中作主语

2. The students who won the competition will get a prize.(赢得比赛的学生们将获得奖品。先行词“students”是复数,从句谓语“won”用复数形式

3. I know the girl who is talking to my mom at the door.(我认识正在门口和我妈妈说话的那个女孩。who在从句中作主语,引导进行时)

4. The doctor who treated my grandfather is very experienced.(给我爷爷治病的医生经验很丰富。先行词“doctor”指人,who作主语)

5. The young man who helped me carry the box is my neighbor.(帮我搬箱子的那个年轻人是我的邻居。who在从句中作主语)

6. The singer who sang that song is very popular among teenagers.(唱那首歌的歌手在青少年中很受欢迎。who引导从句修饰“singer”)

7. We met a tourist who came from Australia during our trip.(旅行时我们遇到了一位来自澳大利亚的游客。who在从句中作主语)

8. The scientist who invented this machine spent 10 years on it.(发明这台机器的科学家花了10年时间。先行词“scientist”指人,who作主语)

9. The girl who lives next door often lends me books.(住在隔壁的女孩经常借我书。who引导从句修饰“girl”,作主语)

10. The coach who trains our football team used to be a professional player.(训练我们足球队的教练曾经是职业球员。who在从句中作主语)

2. 关系代词whom(指人,在从句中作宾语)

用法:先行词是人,且关系词在从句中作宾语(可省略,口语中常用who或that代替);若作介词宾语,介词可提前至whom前(此时whom不可省略,也不可替换为who)。

1. The boy whom you met at the party is my cousin.(你在派对上遇到的那个男孩是我表弟。whom在从句中作宾语,可省略)

2. The teacher whom we visited yesterday retired last year.(我们昨天拜访的那位老师去年退休了。whom作宾语,可替换为who/that)

3. This is the person whom I told you about last week.(这就是我上周跟你说起的那个人。whom作介词“about”的宾语,可省略)

4. The actress whom the reporter interviewed is very friendly.(记者采访的那位女演员很友好。whom在从句中作宾语)

5. I can’t find the friend whom I went to the cinema with last night.(我找不到昨晚和我一起去看电影的朋友。whom作介词“with”的宾语)

6. The doctor whom my father works with is from Beijing.(我爸爸一起工作的那位医生来自北京。whom可替换为who/that,或省略)

7. The student whom the teacher praised in class is very hard-working.(老师在课堂上表扬的那个学生学习很努力。whom作宾语)

8. This is the singer whom we listened to at the concert.(这就是我们在音乐会上听他唱歌的那位歌手。whom作介词“to”的宾语)

9. The neighbor whom you helped last month invited us to dinner.(你上个月帮助的那位邻居邀请我们吃饭了。whom可省略)

10. The writer whom I admire most will give a speech in our school.(我最敬佩的那位作家将在我们学校做演讲。whom作宾语)

3. 关系代词whose(指人/物,在从句中作定语)

用法:先行词是人或物,关系词在从句中作“定语”(修饰从句中的名词,表“所属关系”,意为“……的”),不可省略。

1. The girl whose hair is curly is my classmate.(头发卷卷的那个女孩是我的同学。先行词“girl”指人,whose修饰“hair”,表“女孩的头发”)

2. This is the house whose windows face south.(这就是窗户朝南的那栋房子。先行词“house”指物,whose修饰“windows”,表“房子的窗户”)

3. The boy whose parents are doctors wants to be a doctor too.(父母是医生的那个男孩也想当医生。whose修饰“parents”,表“男孩的父母”)

4. We visited a museum whose collection includes many ancient artifacts.(我们参观了一家藏品包含许多古代文物的博物馆。先行词“museum”指物,whose修饰“collection”)

5. The woman whose bag was stolen called the police immediately.(包被偷的那位女士立刻报了警。whose修饰“bag”,表“女士的包”)

6. This is the tree whose leaves turn red in autumn.(这就是秋天叶子会变红的那棵树。先行词“tree”指物,whose修饰“leaves”)

7. The student whose essay won the first prize will represent our school.(作文获一等奖的那个学生将代表我们学校。whose修饰“essay”,表“学生的作文”)

8. We saw a dog whose leg was hurt by a car.(我们看到一只腿被车弄伤的狗。先行词“dog”指物,whose修饰“leg”)

9. The man whose car broke down asked us for help.(车坏了的那个男人向我们求助。whose修饰“car”,表“男人的车”)

10. This is the book whose cover is designed by a famous artist.(这就是封面由著名艺术家设计的那本书。先行词“book”指物,whose修饰“cover”)

4. 关系代词which(指物,在从句中作主语/宾语)

用法:先行词是物(如book, car, house等),关系词在从句中作主语(不可省略)或宾语(可省略);可引导非限制性定语从句(补充额外信息,用逗号与主句隔开)。

1. The book which is on the desk is mine.(桌子上的那本书是我的。先行词“book”指物,which在从句中作主语,不可省略)

2. I bought a new phone which has a big screen.(我买了一部屏幕很大的新手机。which在从句中作主语)

3. The letter which I received yesterday was from my pen pal.(我昨天收到的那封信来自我的笔友。which在从句中作宾语,可省略)

4. This is the computer which my dad bought for me.(这就是爸爸给我买的那台电脑。which作宾语,可省略)

5. The movie which we watched last night was very exciting.(我们昨晚看的那部电影非常刺激。which作宾语,可替换为that)

6. The city which we visited last summer is very beautiful.(我们去年夏天参观的那座城市很美。which在从句中作宾语)

7. The cake which my mom made tastes delicious.(我妈妈做的那个蛋糕尝起来很美味。which作宾语,可省略)

8. This is the song which I listen to every morning.(这就是我每天早上听的那首歌。which作宾语)

9. The company which he works for is a big international firm.(他工作的那家公司是一家大型跨国企业。which作介词“for”的宾语)

10. The park which is near my home is a good place to relax.(我家附近的那个公园是放松的好地方。which在从句中作主语)

5. 关系代词that(指人/物,在从句中作主语/宾语)

用法:先行词是人或物均可,在从句中作主语(不可省略)或宾语(可省略);不能引导非限制性定语从句,且在以下情况中通常用that(不用which/who):

先行词被序数词(first, second)、最高级(best, most)修饰;

先行词是all, everything, nothing, something等不定代词;

先行词既有人又有物。

1. This is the first time that I have been to Beijing.(这是我第一次去北京。先行词被序数词“first”修饰,用that)

2. The best book that I have ever read is “The Little Prince”.(我读过的最好的书是《小王子》。先行词被最高级“best”修饰,用that)

3. Everything that he said is true.(他说的每一句话都是真的。先行词是不定代词“everything”,用that)

4. I can’t find anything that I need in this store.(我在这家店里找不到任何我需要的东西。先行词“anything”是不定代词,用that)

5. The students and teachers that went on the trip had a good time.(去旅行的学生和老师们都玩得很开心。先行词既有人又有物,用that)

6. The last lesson that we had yesterday was math.(我们昨天上的最后一节课是数学。先行词被序数词“last”修饰,用that)

7. Nothing that he did made his parents happy.(他做的任何事都没让父母开心。先行词“nothing”是不定代词,用that)

8. This is the most interesting story that I have ever heard.(这是我听过的最有趣的故事。先行词被最高级“most interesting”修饰,用that)

9. The man and his dog that we saw on the street looked very friendly.(我们在街上看到的那个男人和他的狗看起来很友好。先行词既有人又有物,用that)

10. The only thing that I want to do now is to sleep.(我现在唯一想做的事就是睡觉。先行词被“only”修饰,用that)

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词在从句中作状语(表时间、地点、原因),本质上可理解为“介词+关系代词”的简化(如when=in/on which,where=in/at which,why=for which),需根据先行词的“类型”选择:

1. 关系副词when(先行词是时间,在从句中作时间状语)

用法:先行词是表时间的名词(如time, day, year, moment等),when在从句中作时间状语,可替换为“介词+which”(如on which, in which)。

1. I still remember the day when I first met you.(我还记得第一次见到你的那一天。先行词“day”表时间,when作时间状语,可替换为“on which”)

2. There was a time when I hated going to school.(曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。先行词“time”表时间,when作状语)

3. The year when he was born was 1990.(他出生的那一年是1990年。先行词“year”表时间,when可替换为“in which”)

4. I will never forget the moment when I won the first prize.(我永远不会忘记赢得一等奖的那一刻。先行词“moment”表时间,when作状语)

5. The month when we traveled to Japan was April.(我们去日本旅行的那个月是四月。先行词“month”表时间,when可替换为“in which”)

6. There are many days when I feel very tired after work.(有很多日子我下班后感觉很累。先行词“days”表时间,when作状语)

7. The hour when the train arrives is 3 p.m.(火车到达的时间是下午3点。先行词“hour”表时间,when作状语)

8. I remember the afternoon when we sat by the lake and talked.(我记得我们坐在湖边聊天的那个下午。先行词“afternoon”表时间,when可替换为“on which”)

9. The season when the flowers bloom is spring.(花开的季节是春天。先行词“season”表时间,when可替换为“in which”)

10. The time when we need to leave is 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.(我们需要离开的时间是明天早上8点。先行词“time”表时间,when作状语)

2. 关系副词where(先行词是地点,在从句中作地点状语)

用法:先行词是表地点的名词(如place, city, school, park等),where在从句中作地点状语,可替换为“介词+which”(如in which, at which)。

1. This is the school where I studied when I was a child.(这就是我小时候上学的那所学校。先行词“school”表地点,where作地点状语,可替换为“in which”)

2. I want to visit the city where my grandparents were born.(我想去参观我祖父母出生的那座城市。先行词“city”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

3. The park where we had a picnic last Sunday is very beautiful.(我们上周日野餐的那个公园很美。先行词“park”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

4. This is the hospital where my father was treated.(这就是我爸爸接受治疗的那家医院。先行词“hospital”表地点,where作状语)

5. The village where he grew up has changed a lot.(他长大的那个村庄变化很大。先行词“village”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

6. I know a place where we can eat delicious seafood.(我知道一个能吃到美味海鲜的地方。先行词“place”表地点,where作状语)

7. The library where I usually read books is open until 9 p.m.(我通常看书的那家图书馆营业到晚上9点。先行词“library”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

8. This is the café where we met for the first time.(这就是我们第一次见面的那家咖啡馆。先行词“café”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

9. The town where the festival is held is very small.(举办这个节日的小镇很小。先行词“town”表地点,where作状语)

10. The classroom where we have English classes is on the second floor.(我们上英语课的那间教室在二楼。先行词“classroom”表地点,where可替换为“in which”)

3. 关系副词why(先行词是原因,在从句中作原因状语)

用法:先行词只能是“reason”(原因),why在从句中作原因状语,可替换为“for which”,且通常只引导限制性定语从句(不可引导非限制性定语从句)。

1. This is the reason why I didn’t go to the party last night.(这就是我昨晚没去派对的原因。先行词“reason”表原因,why作原因状语,可替换为“for which”)

2. He didn’t tell me the reason why he was late for work.(他没告诉我他上班迟到的原因。先行词“reason”,why作状语)

3. The reason why she cried was that she missed her parents.(她哭的原因是她想念父母。先行词“reason”,why作原因状语)

4. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation?(你知道他拒绝邀请的原因吗?先行词“reason”,why可替换为“for which”)

5. This is the main reason why we need to protect the environment.(这就是我们需要保护环境的主要原因。先行词“reason”,why作状语)

6. He explained the reason why he changed his mind.(他解释了他改变主意的原因。先行词“reason”,why作原因状语)

7. The reason why the project was delayed was the bad weather.(项目延期的原因是天气不好。先行词“reason”,why可替换为“for which”)

8. Do you understand the reason why I made this decision?(你理解我做这个决定的原因吗?先行词“reason”,why作状语)

9. This is the reason why I love this city so much.(这就是我如此热爱这座城市的原因。先行词“reason”,why作原因状语)

10. He didn’t give any reason why he left the company suddenly.(他没有给出任何他突然离开公司的原因。先行词“reason”,why作状语)

四、限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别

除了上述按关系词分类,定语从句还可按“是否必须”分为两类,这是使用中的高频考点:

1. 限制性定语从句无逗号,与先行词紧密相连,去掉后主句语义不完整(必须靠从句明确先行词身份)。

例:The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.(去掉从句,“The girl is my sister”无法明确是哪个女孩)

2. 非限制性定语从句有逗号,与先行词松散连接,去掉后主句语义仍完整(从句仅补充额外信息);不可用that引导,关系词不可省略。

例:My sister, who is wearing a red dress, is a teacher.(去掉从句,“My sister is a teacher”语义完整,从句仅补充“穿红裙子”的信息)

关系代词是引导定语从句的核心词

关系代词既指代主句中被修饰的先行词(人、物、抽象概念等),又在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语,起到连接主句和从句的作用。英语中常见的关系代词包括 who, whom, whose, which, that, as,它们的用法因先行词的类型(人/物/抽象概念)、在从句中充当的成分以及从句的性质(限制性/非限制性)而有所区别,以下是详细讲解:

一、who:指代“人”,侧重主格,在从句中作主语

核心用法:先行词必须是“人”(个体、群体均可,如 people, students, the man 等),且在定语从句中充当主语(不能省略),可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句(修饰先行词,不可或缺):

例:The girl who is standing at the door is my sister.(站在门口的那个女孩是我妹妹。)

此处先行词是“the girl”(人),who 在从句“who is standing at the door”中作主语,引导的从句限定“哪个女孩”,不能省略。

非限制性定语从句(补充说明先行词,可省略,从句前有逗号):

例:Mr. Li, who taught me math last year, has moved to Beijing.(去年教我数学的李老师已经搬到北京了。)

此处先行词是“Mr. Li”(人),who 在从句中作主语,从句仅补充说明“李老师的身份”,去掉后主句“Mr. Li has moved to Beijing”仍完整。

二、whom:指代“人”,侧重宾格,在从句中作宾语

核心用法:先行词为“人”,在定语从句中充当宾语(可省略,尤其是在口语或非正式语境中),仅用于限制性定语从句;若在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,需用 whom(不可省略,且不能用 who 替换)。

限制性定语从句(作宾语,可省略):

例1:The boy whom you met yesterday is my cousin.(你昨天见到的那个男孩是我表弟。)

先行词“the boy”(人),whom 在从句“whom you met yesterday”中作宾语(met 的宾语),可省略,省略后为“The boy you met yesterday is my cousin”。

例2:Do you know the person whom the teacher is talking to?(你认识老师正在交谈的那个人吗?)

此处 whom 作介词“to”的宾语,也可将介词提前至 whom 前:Do you know the person to whom the teacher is talking?(正式用法,口语中常用“who”替换 whom,即“the person who the teacher is talking to”)。

非限制性定语从句(作宾语,不可省略):

例:My best friend, whom I have known for 10 years, will visit me next week.(我认识了10年的最好朋友,下周会来看我。)

从句补充说明“best friend”,whom 作“have known”的宾语,不可省略,也不能用 who 替换。

三、whose:指代“人/物”的“所有格”,在从句中作定语

核心用法:先行词可以是人(表“某人的”)或物(表“某物的”),在定语从句中必须修饰名词(作定语),不可省略,可用于限制性和非限制性定语从句。

先行词为人(表“某人的”):

例1:I know the girl whose mother is a doctor.(我认识那个妈妈是医生的女孩。)

先行词“the girl”(人),whose 修饰从句中的“mother”,表示“女孩的妈妈”,作定语,不可省略。

例2:Mr. Zhang, whose son studies abroad, often helps others.(张老师的儿子在国外读书,他经常帮助别人。)

非限制性从句,whose 修饰“son”,表“张老师的儿子”,补充说明张老师的情况。

先行词为物(表“某物的”):

例1:The book whose cover is red is mine.(封面是红色的那本书是我的。)

先行词“the book”(物),whose 修饰“cover”,表示“书的封面”,作定语。

例2:The company, whose products are popular worldwide, was founded in 1990.(这家公司的产品在全球受欢迎,它成立于1990年。)

非限制性从句,whose 修饰“products”,表“公司的产品”,补充说明公司的情况。

四、which:指代“物/抽象概念”,在从句中作主语或宾语

核心用法:先行词是“物”(如 book, car, table 等)或“抽象概念”(如 idea, plan, news 等),可在从句中作主语(不可省略)或宾语(可省略),能用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(非限制性从句中不可用 that 替换)。

限制性定语从句:

1. 作主语(不可省略):

例:The car which is parked outside belongs to Tom.(停在外面的那辆车是汤姆的。)

先行词“the car”(物),which 在从句“which is parked outside”中作主语,不可省略,引导从句限定“哪辆车”。

2. 作宾语(可省略):

例:This is the pen which I bought yesterday.(这是我昨天买的那支笔。)

which 在从句“which I bought yesterday”中作宾语(bought 的宾语),可省略,省略后为“This is the pen I bought yesterday”。

非限制性定语从句(不可用 that 替换):

1. 作主语:

例:The novel, which was written by a young author, has sold millions of copies.(这本由年轻作家写的小说,已经卖出了上百万册。)

先行词“the novel”(物),which 作从句主语,补充说明小说的作者,从句前有逗号,不可用 that 替换。

2. 作宾语:

例:He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(他通过了考试,这让他的父母很开心。)

此处先行词是前面整个主句“ He passed the exam”(抽象概念,表“这件事”),which 在从句中作主语(made 的主语),引导非限制性从句,说明“通过考试”带来的结果。

五、that:指代“人/物”,在从句中作主语或宾语,仅用于限制性定语从句

核心用法:先行词可以是人(可替换 who/whom)或物(可替换 which),在从句中作主语(不可省略)或宾语(可省略),只能用于限制性定语从句,不能用于非限制性定语从句;此外,当先行词满足“特殊条件”时,必须用 that(不能用 which/who)。

基础用法(替换 who/whom/which):

1. 先行为人,作主语(替换 who):

例:The man that is talking to our teacher is my uncle.(正在和我们老师说话的那个男人是我叔叔。)

此处 that 可替换为 who,均作从句主语。

2. 先行为人,作宾语(替换 whom):

例:The student that you praised just now is very hard-working.(你刚才表扬的那个学生很努力。)

that 作宾语,可替换为 whom,也可省略。

3. 先行为物,作主语/宾语(替换 which):

例1:The house that stands on the hill is very old.(坐落在山上的那栋房子很旧。)(作主语,可替换 which)

例2:I lost the key that opens the office door.(我弄丢了开办公室门的钥匙。)(作宾语,可替换 which,也可省略)

必须用 that 的特殊情况(不能用 which/who):

1. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰(如 the best, the most beautiful):

例:This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最有趣的书。)

2. 先行词被序数词修饰(如 the first, the second):

例:The first thing that we need to do is make a plan.(我们需要做的第一件事是制定计划。)

3. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same 修饰:

例:He is the only person that can solve this problem.(他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。)

4. 先行词为 all, everything, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词:

例:Everything that he said is true.(他说的每一句话都是真的。)

5. 先行词既有人又有物:

例:I still remember the people and places that I visited last year.(我还记得去年拜访过的人和地方。)

六、as:指代“整个主句/先行词”,引导限制性或非限制性定语从句

核心用法:as 的先行词可以是“整个主句”(表“正如、正像”),也可以是特定的名词(如 such, the same 修饰的名词),引导的从句可位于句首、句中或句末,语气较委婉,常见于固定搭配。

引导限制性定语从句(需搭配 such, the same):

结构:such + 名词 + as;the same + 名词 + as(as 在从句中作主语/宾语)

例1:This is such a difficult problem as no one can solve.(这是一道没人能解决的难题。)

先行词“problem”被 such 修饰,as 在从句中作 solve 的宾语,不可用 that 替换(若用 that,从句需为完整句子:such a difficult problem that no one can solve it)。

例2:I bought the same shirt as you wore yesterday.(我买了一件和你昨天穿的一样的衬衫。)

先行词“shirt”被 the same 修饰,as 在从句中作 wore 的宾语,表“和……一样的”。

引导非限制性定语从句(指代整个主句,表“正如”):

常见搭配:as we know(众所周知)、as is known to all(众所周知)、as often happens(正如常发生的那样)、as we expected(正如我们预期的那样)等,从句可位于句首、句中或句末。

例1:As we know, the earth goes around the sun.(众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。)(从句位于句首,指代主句内容)

例2:He failed the exam, as was expected.(正如预期的那样,他考试不及格。)(从句位于句末,指代主句“他不及格”这件事)

例3:The plan, as you can see, is very practical.(正如你所见,这个计划很实用。)(从句位于句中,补充说明计划的情况)

总结:关系代词用法的核心区别

1. 指代对象:who/whom/whose 侧重“人”,which 侧重“物/抽象概念”,that 可指“人/物”,as 可指“整个主句/特定名词”;

2. 从句性质:that 仅用于限制性从句,which/as 可用于非限制性从句,who/whom/whose 可用于两种从句;

3. 充当成分:who/which/that 可作主语或宾语,whom 仅作宾语,whose 仅作定语,as 可作主语、宾语或表语。

英语基础