句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
英语句子结构的核心是“主谓关系”,所有句子都围绕“主语(谁/什么)+ 谓语(做什么/是什么)”展开,根据句子中包含的“主谓结构数量”和“语法功能”,可分为简单句、并列句、复合句三大类。
一、简单句(Simple Sentence):仅含一个主谓结构的句子
简单句是英语句子的基础,无论句子长短,只包含一套“主语+谓语”(谓语动词可为单个动词或动词短语),且句子成分(主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等)完整,能独立表达一个完整的意思。
根据“谓语动词的类型”,简单句可进一步分为5种基本句型(主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓双宾、主谓宾补),这是构建所有复杂句子的基石。
句型1:主谓(S+V)谓语为“不及物动词”(vi.),无需接宾语
核心:主语(S)发出动作,谓语(V)是不及物动词(本身含义完整,不需要宾语补充),可接状语(时间、地点、方式等)修饰动作。
1. The sun rises.(太阳升起。主语The sun,谓语rises(不及物动词),无宾语)
2. Birds sing in the morning.(鸟儿在早上唱歌。主语Birds,谓语sing(不及物动词),in the morning是时间状语)
3. He ran quickly.(他跑得很快。主语He,谓语ran(不及物动词),quickly是方式状语)
4. The rain stopped an hour ago.(雨一小时前停了。主语The rain,谓语stopped(不及物动词),an hour ago是时间状语)
5. Children play in the park.(孩子们在公园里玩。主语Children,谓语play(不及物动词),in the park是地点状语)
6. My phone rang just now.(我的手机刚才响了。主语My phone,谓语rang(不及物动词),just now是时间状语)
7. The wind blows strongly in winter.(冬天风刮得很大。主语The wind,谓语blows(不及物动词),strongly是方式状语,in winter是时间状语)
8. She smiled happily.(她开心地笑了。主语She,谓语smiled(不及物动词),happily是方式状语)
9. The meeting started on time.(会议准时开始了。主语The meeting,谓语started(不及物动词),on time是时间状语)
10. Leaves fall in autumn.(树叶在秋天落下。主语Leaves,谓语fall(不及物动词),in autumn是时间状语)
句型2:主谓宾(S+V+O)谓语为“及物动词”(vt.),需接宾语
核心:主语(S)发出动作,谓语(V)是及物动词(含义不完整,需宾语(O)补充“动作的对象”),宾语通常是名词、代词、动名词等。
1. I love English.(我爱英语。主语I,谓语love(及物动词),宾语English)
2. She reads books every night.(她每晚读书。主语She,谓语reads(及物动词),宾语books,every night是时间状语)
3. He bought a new phone yesterday.(他昨天买了一部新手机。主语He,谓语bought(及物动词),宾语a new phone,yesterday是时间状语)
4. We visited our grandparents last weekend.(我们上周末看望了祖父母。主语We,谓语visited(及物动词),宾语our grandparents,last weekend是时间状语)
5. The cat caught a mouse.(猫抓住了一只老鼠。主语The cat,谓语caught(及物动词),宾语a mouse)
6. My mom cooks dinner every evening.(我妈妈每晚做晚饭。主语My mom,谓语cooks(及物动词),宾语dinner,every evening是时间状语)
7. He finished his homework an hour ago.(他一小时前完成了作业。主语He,谓语finished(及物动词),宾语his homework,an hour ago是时间状语)
8. They watched a movie last night.(他们昨晚看了一部电影。主语They,谓语watched(及物动词),宾语a movie,last night是时间状语)
9. She writes letters to her friend.(她给朋友写信。主语She,谓语writes(及物动词),宾语letters,to her friend是状语)
10. The student answered the question correctly.(这个学生正确地回答了问题。主语The student,谓语answered(及物动词),宾语the question,correctly是方式状语)
句型3:主系表(S+Linking V+P)谓语为“系动词”,需接表语
核心:主语(S)是“被描述的对象”,谓语是“系动词”(Linking V,无实际动作,仅连接主语和表语(P)),表语(通常是形容词、名词、介词短语等)用于“描述主语的性质、身份、状态”。
常见系动词:be(am/is/are/was/were)、feel(感觉)、look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、taste(尝起来)、smell(闻起来)、become(变得)、get(变得)等。
1. She is a teacher.(她是一名老师。主语She,系动词is,表语a teacher(说明身份))
2. The flowers look beautiful.(这些花看起来很漂亮。主语The flowers,系动词look,表语beautiful(描述性质))
3. This song sounds nice.(这首歌听起来很好听。主语This song,系动词sounds,表语nice(描述性质))
4. He feels happy today.(他今天感觉很开心。主语He,系动词feels,表语happy(描述状态),today是时间状语)
5. The cake tastes delicious.(这个蛋糕尝起来很美味。主语The cake,系动词tastes,表语delicious(描述性质))
6. My father is very tall.(我爸爸很高。主语My father,系动词is,表语very tall(描述性质))
7. The weather becomes cold in winter.(冬天天气变得冷了。主语The weather,系动词becomes,表语cold(描述状态变化),in winter是时间状语)
8. This book is on the desk.(这本书在桌子上。主语This book,系动词is,表语on the desk(说明位置,介词短语作表语))
9. She got angry because of the bad news.(她因为坏消息生气了。主语She,系动词got,表语angry(描述状态变化),because of the bad news是原因状语)
10. The story is very interesting.(这个故事很有趣。主语The story,系动词is,表语very interesting(描述性质))
句型4:主谓双宾(S+V+IO+DO)谓语接“间接宾语+直接宾语”
核心:主语(S)发出动作,谓语(V)是“双宾动词”(需接两个宾语:间接宾语(IO)和直接宾语(DO))。
间接宾语(IO):通常指“人”,表示“动作的接收者”(“给谁”);
直接宾语(DO):通常指“物”,表示“动作的直接对象”(“给什么”);
可转换为“主语+谓语+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语”(to表“方向”,for表“目的”)。
常见双宾动词:give(给)、send(送)、pass(递)、tell(告诉)、teach(教)、buy(买)、make(做)等。
1. My mom gave me a present.(=My mom gave a present to me.)(我妈妈给了我一份礼物。主语My mom,谓语gave,间接宾语me(人),直接宾语a present(物))
2. He sent his friend an email.(=He sent an email to his friend.)(他给朋友发了一封邮件。主语He,谓语sent,间接宾语his friend,直接宾语an email)
3. The teacher told us a story.(=The teacher told a story to us.)(老师给我们讲了一个故事。主语The teacher,谓语told,间接宾语us,直接宾语a story)
4. She bought her father a new shirt.(=She bought a new shirt for her father.)(她给爸爸买了一件新衬衫。主语She,谓语bought,间接宾语her father,直接宾语a new shirt,用for转换)
5. I passed him a pen.(=I passed a pen to him.)(我递给他一支笔。主语I,谓语passed,间接宾语him,直接宾语a pen)
6. He taught me English.(=He taught English to me.)(他教我英语。主语He,谓语taught,间接宾语me,直接宾语English)
7. My friend made me a cake.(=My friend made a cake for me.)(我朋友给我做了一个蛋糕。主语My friend,谓语made,间接宾语me,直接宾语a cake,用for转换)
8. She wrote her sister a letter.(=She wrote a letter to her sister.)(她给姐姐写了一封信。主语She,谓语wrote,间接宾语her sister,直接宾语a letter)
9. The boss offered him a good job.(=The boss offered a good job to him.)(老板给了他一份好工作。主语The boss,谓语offered,间接宾语him,直接宾语a good job)
10. I showed her my new photos.(=I showed my new photos to her.)(我给她看了我的新照片。主语I,谓语showed,间接宾语her,直接宾语my new photos)
句型5:主谓宾补(S+V+O+C)—— 谓语接“宾语+宾语补足语”
核心:主语(S)发出动作,谓语(V)接宾语(O)后,需补充“宾语补足语(C)”才能使句子含义完整。宾补用于“说明宾语的状态、身份或动作”,常见形式:形容词、名词、动词不定式(to do)、现在分词(doing)、过去分词(done)等。
常见宾补动词:make(使)、keep(保持)、find(发现)、call(称呼)、want(想要)、ask(要求)、see(看见)、hear(听见)等。
1. We made him our monitor.(我们选他当班长。主语We,谓语made,宾语him,宾补our monitor(说明宾语的身份,名词作宾补))
2. The news made her happy.(这个消息让她很开心。主语The news,谓语made,宾语her,宾补happy(说明宾语的状态,形容词作宾补))
3. I found the book very interesting.(我发现这本书很有趣。主语I,谓语found,宾语the book,宾补very interesting(说明宾语的性质,形容词作宾补))
4. They call the girl Lily.(他们叫这个女孩莉莉。主语They,谓语call,宾语the girl,宾补Lily(说明宾语的名字,名词作宾补))
5. She wants me to help her.(她想让我帮她。主语She,谓语wants,宾语me,宾补to help her(说明宾语要做的动作,不定式作宾补))
6. The teacher asked us to finish our homework.(老师要求我们完成作业。主语The teacher,谓语asked,宾语us,宾补to finish our homework(不定式作宾补))
7. I saw him playing basketball.(我看见他正在打篮球。主语I,谓语saw,宾语him,宾补playing basketball(说明宾语正在做的动作,现在分词作宾补))
8. We keep our classroom clean.(我们保持教室干净。主语We,谓语keep,宾语our classroom,宾补clean(说明宾语的状态,形容词作宾补))
9. The boss made the workers work 10 hours a day.(老板让工人每天工作10小时。主语The boss,谓语made,宾语the workers,宾补work 10 hours a day(make后接不带to的不定式作宾补))
10. She heard someone singing in the next room.(她听见有人在隔壁房间唱歌。主语She,谓语heard,宾语someone,宾补singing in the next room(现在分词作宾补,表动作正在进行))
二、并列句(Compound Sentence):由两个或多个“简单句”并列构成
并列句不含从属关系,而是通过“并列连词”或“分号”连接两个或多个“独立的简单句”(即“分句”),分句之间是平等的逻辑关系(如并列、转折、因果、选择等)。
核心构成:分句1 + 并列连词 + 分句2(+ 分句3...)
常见并列连词(按逻辑关系分类):
并列关系:and(和,并且)、both...and...(两者都);
转折关系:but(但是)、yet(然而)、while(然而,表对比);
因果关系:so(所以,因此)、for(因为,补充说明原因,不表直接原因);
选择关系:or(或者,否则)、either...or...(要么……要么……)、neither...nor...(既不……也不……)。
1. I like coffee, and my sister likes tea.(我喜欢咖啡,我妹妹喜欢茶。and表并列关系,连接两个分句)
2. He is tired, but he still keeps working.(他很累,但他仍然继续工作。but表转折关系)
3. It was raining heavily, so we stayed at home.(雨下得很大,所以我们待在了家里。so表因果关系,前因后果)
4. You can go by bus, or you can walk there.(你可以坐公交去,或者步行去那里。or表选择关系)
5. She is not a doctor, nor is she a nurse.(她不是医生,也不是护士。neither...nor...的省略形式,表并列否定,后一分句倒装)
6. He likes playing basketball, while his brother likes playing football.(他喜欢打篮球,而他弟弟喜欢踢足球。while表对比转折,强调两者差异)
7. The movie was interesting, yet I fell asleep halfway.(这部电影很有趣,但我中途睡着了。yet表转折,语气比but弱)
8. Both I finished my homework, and my brother cleaned his room.(我完成了作业,我弟弟也打扫了他的房间。both...and...表两者都,连接两个分句)
9. You must hurry up, or you will miss the train.(你必须快点,否则你会错过火车。or表“否则”,隐含转折)
10. She didn’t go to the party, for she was not feeling well.(她没去派对,因为她身体不舒服。for表补充原因,通常放在分句后,用逗号隔开)
三、复合句(Complex Sentence):由“一个主句+一个或多个从句”构成
复合句中包含“主句”和“从句”:
主句:能独立表达完整意思的句子(核心部分);
从句:不能独立成句,需依附主句,由“引导词”连接,在主句中充当特定成分(如主语、宾语、定语、状语等),即前文提到的“名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句”。
根据从句的类型,复合句可分为“含名词性从句的复合句”“含定语从句的复合句”“含状语从句的复合句”三类。
1. 含名词性从句的复合句(从句作主语、宾语、表语、同位语)
1. What he said surprised everyone.(从句作主语,主语从句)(他说的话让所有人都惊讶。主句:What he said surprised everyone;从句:What he said(作主语))
2. I know that she will come tomorrow.(从句作宾语,宾语从句)(我知道她明天会来。主句:I know (something);从句:that she will come tomorrow(作宾语))
3. My hope is that I can go to college.(从句作表语,表语从句)(我的愿望是能上大学。主句:My hope is (something);从句:that I can go to college(作表语))
4. We heard the news that our team won.(从句作同位语,同位语从句)(我们听到了我们队赢了的消息。主句:We heard the news;从句:that our team won(解释news的内容,作同位语))
5. Whether he will attend the meeting is still unknown.(主语从句)(他是否会参加会议还不清楚。主句:Whether he will attend the meeting is still unknown;从句:Whether he will attend the meeting(作主语))
6. She asked me where I bought the book.(宾语从句)(她问我在哪里买的这本书。主句:She asked me (something);从句:where I bought the book(作宾语))
7. This is why he didn’t come.(表语从句)(这就是他没来的原因。主句:This is (something);从句:why he didn’t come(作表语))
8. There is no doubt that he is honest.(同位语从句)(毫无疑问他是诚实的。主句:There is no doubt;从句:that he is honest(解释doubt的内容))
9. How we solve this problem is a big challenge.(主语从句)(我们如何解决这个问题是一个大挑战。主句:How we solve this problem is a big challenge;从句:How we solve this problem(作主语))
10. He told me that he had finished his work.(宾语从句)(他告诉我他已经完成了工作。主句:He told me (something);从句:that he had finished his work(作宾语))
2. 含定语从句的复合句(从句修饰主句中的名词/代词,即先行词)
1. The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.(限制性定语从句)(穿红裙子的女孩是我妹妹。主句:The girl is my sister;从句:who is wearing a red dress(修饰先行词the girl))
2. This is the book that I bought yesterday.(限制性定语从句)(这是我昨天买的书。主句:This is the book;从句:that I bought yesterday(修饰先行词the book))
3. My father, who is a doctor, works in a big hospital.(非限制性定语从句)(我爸爸是一名医生,他在一家大医院工作。主句:My father works in a big hospital;从句:who is a doctor(补充说明father的职业))
4. The city where I was born is very beautiful.(限制性定语从句)(我出生的城市很漂亮。主句:The city is very beautiful;从句:where I was born(修饰先行词the city))
5. The book which I lent you last week is very interesting.(限制性定语从句)(我上周借给你的那本书很有趣。主句:The book is very interesting;从句:which I lent you last week(修饰先行词the book))
6. She has a son, whom she loves very much.(非限制性定语从句)(她有一个儿子,她非常爱他。主句:She has a son;从句:whom she loves very much(补充说明son))
7. The time when we will meet has not been decided.(限制性定语从句)(我们见面的时间还没确定。主句:The time has not been decided;从句:when we will meet(修饰先行词the time))
8. This is the house whose windows face south.(限制性定语从句)(这是一栋窗户朝南的房子。主句:This is the house;从句:whose windows face south(修饰先行词the house))
9. He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.(非限制性定语从句,which指代整个主句)(他通过了考试,这让他的父母很开心。主句:He passed the exam;从句:which made his parents happy(指代“通过考试”这件事))
10. The student who won the first prize is from our class.(限制性定语从句)(获得一等奖的学生来自我们班。主句:The student is from our class;从句:who won the first prize(修饰先行词the student))
3. 含状语从句的复合句(从句作状语,表时间、地点、原因、结果等)
1. I was reading a book when the doorbell rang.(时间状语从句)(门铃响时,我正在看书。主句:I was reading a book;从句:when the doorbell rang(表时间))
2. You can sit wherever you like.(地点状语从句)(你可以坐在任何你喜欢的地方。主句:You can sit;从句:wherever you like(表地点))
3. He didn’t go to school because he was ill.(原因状语从句)(他因为生病没去上学。主句:He didn’t go to school;从句:because he was ill(表原因))
4. She is so kind that everyone likes her.(结果状语从句)(她如此善良,以至于所有人都喜欢她。主句:She is so kind;从句:that everyone likes her(表结果))
5. We study hard so that we can get good grades.(目的状语从句)(我们努力学习是为了能取得好成绩。主句:We study hard;从句:so that we can get good grades(表目的))
6. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(条件状语从句)(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。主句:we will stay at home;从句:If it rains tomorrow(表条件))
7. Though he is young, he knows a lot.(让步状语从句)(尽管他年纪小,但他懂得很多。主句:he knows a lot;从句:Though he is young(表让步))
8. She runs faster than her brother does.(比较状语从句)(她跑得比她哥哥快。主句:She runs faster;从句:than her brother does(表比较))
9. He did as his teacher told him.(方式状语从句)(他按照老师告诉他的去做。主句:He did (something);从句:as his teacher told him(表方式))
10. I have lived here since I was born.(时间状语从句)(我从出生起就住在这里。主句:I have lived here;从句:since I was born(表时间,主句用现在完成时))
英语基础
- 陈一男基础英语研究
- 2023年广东中考英语试题
- 2024年广东中考英语试题
- 2025年广东中考英语试题(待续)
- 学习英语最有效的方法与学习路径
- 词法:名代形副动,数介连叹助
- 词法:名词
- 词法:代词
- 词法:冠词:a、an、the、零冠词
- 词法:形容词
- 词法:副词
- 词法:数词:基数、序数
- 词法:量词
- 词法:感叹词:What! Yes!
- 词法:连词: F、A、N、B、O、Y、S
- 词法:介词:位、时、方、手段、原因、目的
- 词法:易混淆介词:时间、地点、方式、关系
- 词法:动词
- 句法:非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词
- 短语:名短、动短、形短、副短、介短
- 构词法:英语中创造新单词的规则和方法
- 前缀 + 词根:仅改词义,不改词性
- 词根 + 后缀:改变词性,可微调词义
- 合成法:A+B
- 转化法:单词不改变形式,直接变词性
- 缩略法:缩短原词构成新词
- 构词法:名词后缀
- 单词记忆:语言学习的基础
- [1]一般现在时 do/does
- [2]一般过去时 did
- [3]一般将来时 will + 动原
- [4]一般过去将来时 would + 动原
- [1]现在进行时 be(am/is/are) + 现分
- [2]过去进行时 was/were + 现分
- [3]将来进行时 will be + 现分
- [4]过去将来进行时 would be + 现分
- [1]现在完成时 have/has + 过分
- [2]过去完成时 had + 过分
- [3]将来完成时 will have + 过分
- [4]过去将来完成时 would have + 过分
- [1]现在完成进行时 have/has been+现分
- [2]过去完成进行时 had been+现分
- [3]将来完成进行时 will have been+现分
- [4]过去将来完成进行时 would have been+现分
- 语态:主动语态、被动语态
- 句子结构:核心是“主谓关系”
- 句法:存在句 There be 句型
- 句法:拥有句 have/has 句型
- [1]主语:句子所叙述的主体
- [2]谓语:陈述主语的动作、状态或特征
- [3]宾语:动作的目标 或 关联的对象
- [4]定语:回答关于中心词的疑问
- [5]状语:回答关于句子成分的疑问
- [6]补语:对主语或宾语进行补充定性
- [7]表语:必须搭配系动词
- [8]同位语:给本位语贴标签、做注释
- 主谓一致:主语和谓语在人称和数保持一致
- 句子的分类:按结构分类、按功能分类
- 直接引语 和 间接引语
- [1]句法:名词性从句:主语从句
- [2]句法:名词性从句:宾语从句
- [3]句法:名词性从句:表语从句
- [4]句法:名词性从句:同位语从句
- 句法:定语从句:7W + 1T
- [1]时间状语从句:when、while、as
- [2]地点状语从句:where、wherever
- [3]原因状语从句:because、since、as
- [4]条件状语从句:if、unless、as long as
- [5]目的状语从句:so that、in order that
- [6]结果状语从句:so...that、such...that
- [7]让步状语从句:although/though、while
- [8]方式状语从句:as、as if/as though
- [9]比较状语从句:as...as
- 强调句、倒装句、省略句、虚拟语气句
- 虚拟语气:表达非真实情况的语法结构
- 积累:意思相近的单词
- 积累:be
- 积累:do
- 积累:to
- 积累:no
- 积累:not
- 积累:none
- 积累:nothing
- 积累:good
- 积累:well
- 积累:also
- 积累:get
- 积累:have
- 积累:if
- 积累:whether
- 积累:but
- 积累:or
- 积累:of
- 积累:talk
- 积累:take
- 积累:with
- 积累:by
- 积累:for
- 积累:the
- 积累:than
- 积累:then
- 积累:that
- 积累:this
- 积累:as
- 积累:so
- 积累:such
- 积累:which
- 积累:while
- 积累:where
- 积累:when
- 积累:what
- 积累:how
- 积累:who
- 积累:whom
- 积累:whose
- 积累:many
- 积累:much
- 积累:too
- 积累:very
- 积累:some
- 积累:any
- 积累:few
- 积累:little
- 积累:each
- 积累:every
- 积累:other
- 积累:others
- 积累:another
- 积累:time
- 积累:day
- 积累:before 与 ago
- 积累:in
- 积累:on
- 积累:at
- 听力[A1-01]:Family(家庭)
- 听力[A1-02]:Food(食物)
- 听力[A1-03]:Weather(天气)
- 听力[A1-04]:Supermarket(超市)
- 听力[A1-05]:Transportation(交通工具)
- 听力[A1-06]:Restaurants(餐厅)
- 听力[A1-07]:Weekend plans(周末计划)
- 听力[A1-08]:Pets(宠物)
- 听力[A1-09]:Animals(动物)
- 听力[A1-10]:School life(校园生活)
- 听力[A1-11]:Favorite place(最喜欢的地方)
- 听力[A1-12]:Directions(指路)
- 听力[A1-13]:Music(音乐)
- 听力[A1-14]:Daily Technology Products(日常科技产品)
- 听力[A1-15]:Social Activities(社交活动)
- 听力[A1-16]:Daily Problems(日常问题)
- 听力[A1-17]:Celebrations(庆祝活动)
- 听力[A1-18]:Seasonal Fruits(应季水果)
- 听力[A1-19]:Meeting new people(结识新朋友)
- 听力[A1-20]:Friends(朋友)
- 听力[A1-21]:Stay Guide(住宿指南)
- 听力[A1-22]:Parks(公园)
