形容词性从句:定语从句

1. 定义

形容词性从句也叫定语从句,是指在复合句中起形容词作用的从句,用于修饰前面的名词或代词(即先行词),描述先行词的性质、特征、所属等,在句中的作用相当于一个形容词。例如:The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(“that I bought yesterday”是定语从句,用于修饰先行词book,说明是“我昨天买的书”)

2. 先行词和关系词

先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。先行词可以是各种表示人、物、时间、地点等的词汇。

例如:在句子“The man who helped me is my neighbor.”中,“the man”就是先行词。

关系词:引导定语从句的词,包括关系代词(who、whom、whose、which、that)和关系副词(when、where、why)。关系词一方面起连接主句和从句的作用,另一方面在从句中充当一定的语法成分。

关系代词的用法:

(1). 关系代词的定义和功能

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它一方面连接主句和从句,另一方面在定语从句中充当一定的语法成分(如主语、宾语、定语等),指代先行词(被定语从句修饰的名词或代词)。

(2). 常见关系代词的用法

关系代词1:who

用法:用于指人,在定语从句中作主语。

The people who live next door are very friendly.(住在隔壁的人非常友好。)

这里的“who”指代“the people”,并且在从句“who live next door”中作主语,表示“……的人”。

例句拓展:

The man who is speaking on the stage is a famous scientist.(在台上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。)

I know a girl who loves painting.(我认识一个喜欢绘画的女孩。)

The students who study hard usually get good grades.(努力学习的学生通常成绩很好。)

关系代词2:whom

用法:同样用于指人,但在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中,常常可以用“who”来代替“whom”。

The boy whom I met yesterday is my classmate.(我昨天遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。)

“whom”指代“the boy”,在从句中作“met”的宾语。

例句拓展:

The teacher whom we visited last week is very experienced.(我们上周拜访的那位老师经验很丰富。)

She is the woman whom he loves.(她是他爱的那个女人。)

Do you know the person to whom I sent the letter?(你知道我把信寄给的那个人吗?)

关系代词3:which

用法:用于指物,在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。

The book which is on the table is mine.(在桌子上的那本书是我的。)

此句中“which”指代“the book”,在从句中作主语;

The movie which we watched last night was very exciting.(我们昨晚看的电影非常刺激。)这里“which”在从句中作宾语。

例句拓展:

The car which he drives is very expensive.(他开的那辆车很贵。)

The computer which I bought last month has some problems.(我上个月买的那台电脑有一些问题。)

The building which stands at the corner of the street is a library.(位于街道拐角处的那座建筑是一个图书馆。)

关系代词4:that

用法:既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。在某些情况下(如先行词被最高级、序数词修饰,或先行词是不定代词等),只能用“that”。

The man that/ who helped me is a kind - hearted person.(帮助我的那个人是个心地善良的人。)

(指人,作主语,此时“that”和“who”可以互换)

The book that/ which I read last week is very interesting.(我上周读的那本书很有意思。)

(指物,作宾语,“that”和“which”可以互换)。

当先行词是“all、everything、nothing、something、anything”等不定代词时,如:

Everything that he said is true.(他说的一切都是真的。)只能用“that”。

例句拓展:

The house that/ which is located near the river is very beautiful.(位于河边的那所房子非常漂亮。)

The first thing that you should do is to make a plan.(你应该做的第一件事是制定一个计划。)

He is the only person that can solve this problem.(他是唯一能解决这个问题的人。)

关系代词5:whose

用法:用于表示所属关系,可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。

The girl whose hair is long is my sister.(头发长的那个女孩是我的妹妹。)

“whose”修饰“hair”,表示“某人的”或“某物的”。

例句拓展:

The man whose car was stolen called the police.(车被偷的那个人报了警。)

I saw a house whose roof was red.(我看到一所屋顶是红色的房子。)

The student whose answer is correct will get a prize.(答案正确的那个学生将会得到一个奖品。)

关系副词的用法:

1. 定义和功能

关系副词在定语从句中主要起副词的作用,用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语,同时也起到连接主句和从句的作用。它们一般用于表示时间、地点、原因等信息,与先行词(被定语从句修饰的名词)密切相关。

2. 常见关系副词的用法

关系副词1:when

用法:在定语从句中作时间状语,其先行词通常是表示时间的名词,如time、day、year、moment、occasion等。它相当于“介词 + which”(具体的介词要根据先行词和从句的语义来确定,如in which、on which等)。

I still remember the day when we first met.(我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)

在这个句子中,“when”引导定语从句“when we first met”,修饰先行词“the day”,在从句中作时间状语,表示“在那一天”,也可以写成I still remember the day on which we first met.

例句拓展:

The year when I graduated from university was 2010.(我从大学毕业的那一年是2010年。)

There were times when he felt really lonely.(有段时间他感觉非常孤独。)

Do you remember the moment when the accident happened?(你还记得事故发生的那一刻吗?)

关系副词2:where

用法:在定语从句中作地点状语,先行词一般是表示地点的名词,如place、city、town、room、house、area等。它相当于“介词 + which”(常见的有in which、at which等)。

This is the place where I grew up.(这是我长大的地方。)

这里“where”引导的定语从句“where I grew up”修饰先行词“the place”,在从句中作地点状语,表示“在这个地方”,也可写成This is the place in which I grew up.

例句拓展:

The factory where my father works is very big.(我父亲工作的工厂很大。)

I visited the city where I was born last year.(我去年参观了我出生的城市。)

The room where we had the meeting was very clean.(我们开会的房间很干净。)

关系副词3:why

用法:在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是reason。它相当于“for which”。

The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus.(他迟到的原因是他错过了公共汽车。)

在这个句子中,“why”引导的定语从句“why he was late”修饰先行词“the reason”,在从句中作原因状语,表示“……的原因”,也可以写成

The reason for which he was late is that he missed the bus.不过在实际使用中,“the reason why...”的结构更为常见。

例句拓展:

Can you tell me the reason why you didn't come to school yesterday?(你能告诉我你昨天没来上学的原因吗?)

The reason why she was crying was not clear.(她哭的原因不清楚。)

I don't understand the reason why he made such a decision.(我不理解他为什么做出这样的决定。)

3. 定语从句的分类

限制性定语从句:对先行词起限制作用,是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句和主句之间不用逗号隔开。

The students who study hard will get good grades.

(如果去掉“who study hard”,句子就变成“The students will get good grades.”,意思就不明确是哪些学生能取得好成绩了)

非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。

My mother, who is a kind - hearted woman, always helps others.

(“who is a kind - hearted woman”是对my mother的补充说明,去掉后句子“My mother always helps others.”意思仍然完整)

4. “介词 + 关系代词”结构

在定语从句中,有些情况下,关系代词前面会有一个介词。

The pen with which I write is very expensive.

(这里的“with which”相当于“with the pen”,在从句中作方式状语,表示“我用来写字的钢笔”)

这种结构中的介词可以根据从句中的动词、形容词等与先行词的搭配来确定。

This is the book about which we talked yesterday.

(因为是“talk about the book”,所以用about which)

英语基础

形容词性从句:定语从句