英语:什么是连词?
一. 连词的定义
连词是用于连接词、短语、从句或句子的词类,它就像一个桥梁,把语言中的各个成分紧密地联系在一起,从而使表达的意思更加连贯、完整和准确。
例如在句子“I like reading and writing.(我喜欢阅读和写作)”中,“and”就是连词,它连接了“reading”和“writing”这两个并列的动名词。
二. 连词的功能
(1)连接单词:可以把同类的单词连接起来,如两个或多个名词、动词、形容词或副词。
“Tom and Jerry(汤姆和杰瑞)”(连接名词)
“run and jump(跑和跳)”(连接动词)
“big and beautiful(又大又漂亮)”(连接形容词)
“quickly and carefully(又快又仔细)”(连接副词)。
(2)连接短语:把不同的短语组合在一起,使句子结构更加复杂多样。
“in the morning or in the afternoon(在早上或者在下午)”(连接两个介词短语)
“reading books and watching movies(读书和看电影)”(连接两个动名词短语)。
(3)连接从句:在复合句中起着关键作用,连接主句和从句,明确句子之间的逻辑关系。
“Although it was raining heavily, he still came on time.(尽管雨下得很大,他仍然按时来了)”
“Although”连接了一个让步状语从句“it was raining heavily”和主句“he still came on time”。
(4)连接句子:把简单句连接成并列句或复合句,让表达更有逻辑性。
“He is smart, but he is a little lazy.(他很聪明,但是他有点懒)”
“but”连接了两个简单句“He is smart”和“he is a little lazy”,形成一个并列句,体现出转折关系。
三. 连词的分类
(一)并列连词:
(1)表示并列关系:
“and”是最常见的,表示“和、并且”。例如“Apples and bananas are my favorite fruits.(苹果和香蕉是我最喜欢的水果)”。
“both…and…”意思是“既……又……”,用于连接两个并列的成分,强调两者都包括。例如“She is both beautiful and intelligent.(她既漂亮又聪明)”。
(2)表示选择关系:
“or”表示“或者”。例如“You can choose the red one or the blue one.(你可以选择红色的那个或者蓝色的那个)”。
“either…or…”意思是“要么……要么……”,用于在两者中选择一个。例如“Either you or he has to clean the classroom.(要么你要么他得打扫教室)”。
(3)表示转折关系:
“but”表示“但是”。例如“He is rich but not happy.(他很富有,但是不开心)”。
“while”也有转折的意思,可表示“然而”,强调对比。例如“Some people like reading while others like watching TV.(有些人喜欢阅读,然而其他人喜欢看电视)”。
(二)从属连词:
(1)引导时间状语从句:
when(当……时候):When I was young, I liked playing with dolls.(当我小的时候,我喜欢玩洋娃娃。)
while(在……期间):While I was reading, my sister was watching TV.(我在读书的时候,我妹妹在看电视。)
as(当……;一边……一边……):As I was walking in the park, I saw a beautiful flower.(当我在公园散步的时候,我看到了一朵美丽的花。)She sang as she walked.(她一边走一边唱歌。)
after(在……之后):After I finished my homework, I went out to play.(我完成作业之后,我出去玩了。)
before(在……之前):Before I go to bed, I always read a book.(我睡觉之前,我总是读一本书。)
since(自从):Since I came to this school, I have made many friends.(自从我来到这所学校,我交了很多朋友。)
until/till(直到):I waited until/till he came back.(我一直等到他回来。)
(2)引导原因状语从句:“because(因为)”、“since(既然)”、“as(由于)”。
例如“Because it rained heavily, we had to stay at home.(因为雨下得很大,我们不得不待在家里)”。
(3)引导条件状语从句:“if(如果)”、“unless(除非)”、“as long as(只要)”。
例如“If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里)”。
(4)引导让步状语从句:“although/though(虽然)”、“even if/even though(即使)”。
例如“Although/Though he is young, he is very capable.(虽然他很年轻,但他很有能力)”。
(5)引导目的状语从句:“so that(以便)”、“in order that(为了)”。
例如“He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.(他早起以便能赶上第一班公共汽车)”。
(6)引导结果状语从句:“so…that…(如此……以至于……)”、“such…that…(如此……以至于……)”。
例如“He is so tired that he can't walk anymore.
例子:
1. 并列连词(and):表示并列关系
I like music and art.(我喜欢音乐和美术。)
She is smart and kind.(她既聪明又善良。)
He can sing and dance.(他会唱歌和跳舞。)
We bought apples and bananas.(我们买了苹果和香蕉。)
The book is interesting and educational.(这本书既有趣又有教育意义。)
Tom and Jerry are good friends.(汤姆和杰瑞是好朋友。)
She writes neatly and quickly.(她书写又工整又快。)
The dog is cute and friendly.(这只狗可爱又友好。)
He studies hard and gets good grades.(他学习努力并且成绩很好。)
The room is clean and bright.(房间干净又明亮。)
2. 并列连词(or):表示选择关系
You can choose the red one or the blue one.(你可以选择红色的那个或者蓝色的那个。)
Do you want to go to the park or stay at home?(你想去公园还是想待在家里?)
He must be either at school or at home.(他要么在学校要么在家。)
You can come with me or wait here.(你可以跟我来或者在这里等。)
Is it a cat or a dog?(它是猫还是狗?)
You should study hard, or you will fail the exam.(你应该努力学习,否则你会考试不及格。)
She can speak English or French.(她会说英语或者法语。)
We can go by bus or by train.(我们可以坐公共汽车或者火车去。)
Do you like reading or writing more?(你更喜欢阅读还是写作?)
The answer is either yes or no.(答案要么是是,要么是否。)
3. 并列连词(but):表示转折关系
He is rich but not happy.(他很富有,但不开心。)
She is beautiful but a little shy.(她很漂亮,但有点害羞。)
The movie is interesting but a bit long.(这部电影很有趣,但有点长。)
He tried hard but still failed.(他很努力,但还是失败了。)
She can sing well, but she can't dance.(她唱歌很好,但她不会跳舞。)
The book is cheap but very useful.(这本书很便宜,但非常有用。)
He is young but very experienced.(他很年轻,但很有经验。)
It was raining heavily, but he still went to school on time.(雨下得很大,但他仍然按时去上学。)
She likes sports, but her sister hates them.(她喜欢运动,但她姐姐讨厌运动。)
The job is well - paid, but it's very tiring.(这份工作薪水很高,但很累人。)
4. 从属连词(when):引导时间状语从句
When I got home, my mother was cooking.(当我到家的时候,我妈妈正在做饭。)
When it rains, the ground gets wet.(当下雨的时候,地面就湿了。)
She always smiles when she sees me.(当她看见我的时候,她总是微笑。)
When I was a child, I liked playing with dolls.(当我还是个孩子的时候,我喜欢玩洋娃娃。)
When the sun rises, the birds begin to sing.(当太阳升起的时候,鸟儿开始唱歌。)
When we were in school, we often played basketball together.(当我们在学校的时候,我们经常一起打篮球。)
When he finishes his work, he will go home.(当他完成工作的时候,他就回家。)
When the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.(当铃声响起的时候,学生们冲出教室。)
When I read this book, I always feel relaxed.(当我读这本书的时候,我总是感觉很放松。)
When you make a mistake, you should admit it.(当你犯错的时候,你应该承认。)
5. 从属连词(because):引导原因状语从句
I didn't go to school because I was ill.(我没去上学,因为我生病了。)
He was late because of the traffic jam.(他迟到是因为交通堵塞。)
She was crying because she lost her toy.(她在哭,因为她丢了她的玩具。)
We cancelled the picnic because it rained.(我们取消了野餐,因为下雨了。)
He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard.(他没通过考试,因为他没有努力学习。)
She was happy because she got a present.(她很高兴,因为她收到了一份礼物。)
He was angry because his brother broke his computer.(他很生气,因为他的弟弟弄坏了他的电脑。)
They moved to a new city because of his father's job.(他们搬到一个新城市是因为他父亲的工作。)
I like reading because it can broaden my horizons.(我喜欢阅读,因为它可以拓宽我的视野。)
She didn't come because she had a meeting.(她没来,因为她有一个会议。)
6. 从属连词(if):引导条件状语从句
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。)
If you study hard, you will get good grades.(如果你努力学习,你会取得好成绩。)
He will come if you invite him.(如果你邀请他,他会来。)
If I have time, I will go shopping with you.(如果我有时间,我会和你一起去购物。)
If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.(如果你不快点,你会迟到的。)
She will buy a new dress if she has enough money.(如果她有足够的钱,她会买一条新裙子。)
If you tell me the truth, I will forgive you.(如果你告诉我真相,我会原谅你。)
If we work together, we can finish the project faster.(如果我们一起工作,我们可以更快地完成这个项目。)
If the weather is nice, we'll go for a picnic.(如果天气好,我们就去野餐。)
If you make a promise, you should keep it.(如果你许下诺言,你应该遵守。)
7. 从属连词(although/though):引导让步状语从句
Although/Though it was raining heavily, he still came on time.(尽管雨下得很大,他仍然按时来了。)
Although/Though he is young, he is very capable.(虽然他很年轻,但他很有能力。)
She still went to school although/though she was a little ill.(尽管她有点不舒服,她仍然去上学了。)
Although/Though the book is difficult to understand, it's very interesting.(尽管这本书很难理解,但它非常有趣。)
He still loves her although/though she has many shortcomings.(尽管她有很多缺点,他仍然爱她。)
Although/Though he worked hard, he didn't get the promotion.(尽管他工作很努力,但他没有得到晋升。)
She is happy although/though she doesn't have much money.(她很快乐,尽管她没有很多钱。)
Although/Though the journey was long, it was very enjoyable.(尽管旅途很长,但非常愉快。)
He didn't give up although/though he faced many difficulties.(尽管他面临许多困难,但他没有放弃。)
Although/Though the movie is a little boring, I still watched it till the end.(尽管这部电影有点无聊,我仍然看到了最后。)
8. 从属连词(so that):引导目的状语从句
He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.(他早起以便能赶上第一班公共汽车。)
She studied hard so that she could enter a good university.(她努力学习,以便能进入一所好大学。)
They left early so that they could arrive on time.(他们很早就出发了,以便能准时到达。)
He saved money so that he could buy a new house.(他存钱,以便能买一所新房子。)
She practiced a lot so that she could sing well.(她大量练习,以便能唱好。)
We should work hard so that we can achieve our goals.(我们应该努力工作,以便能实现我们的目标。)
He turned on the light so that he could see clearly.(他打开灯,以便能看清楚。)
She wore warm clothes so that she wouldn't feel cold.(她穿暖和的衣服,以便不会觉得冷。)
They took a taxi so that they could get to the airport quickly.(他们乘出租车,以便能快速到达机场。)
He explained it clearly so that everyone could understand.(他解释得很清楚,以便每个人都能理解。)
9. 从属连词(so…that…):引导结果状语从句
He is so tired that he can't walk anymore.(他如此累,以至于不能再走了。)
She is so beautiful that everyone likes her.(她如此漂亮,以至于每个人都喜欢她。)
The book is so interesting that I can't put it down.(这本书如此有趣,以至于我放不下它。)
He ran so fast that he won the first prize.(他跑得如此快,以至于他获得了第一名。)
She was so sad that she burst into tears.(她如此伤心,以至于大哭起来。)
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.(这个盒子如此重,以至于我抬不起来。)
He is so clever that he can solve the problem easily.(他如此聪明,以至于他能轻松地解决这个问题。)
The movie was so exciting that we watched it twice.(这部电影如此刺激,以至于我们看了两遍。)
She spoke so quietly that I could hardly hear her.(她说话如此轻声,以至于我几乎听不见她。)
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam.(他犯了如此多的错误,以至于他考试不及格。)
10. 从属连词(such…that…):引导结果状语从句
It was such a beautiful day that we went for a picnic.(天气如此好,以至于我们去野餐了。)
She is such a kind girl that everyone wants to be her friend.(她是如此善良的一个女孩,以至于每个人都想成为她的朋友。)
He had such a difficult problem that he had to ask for help.(他有如此难的一个问题,以至于他不得不寻求帮助。)
It was such an interesting story that we all remembered it.(这是如此有趣的一个故事,以至于我们都记住了它。)
She has such a lovely dog that everyone likes it.(她有如此可爱的一只狗,以至于每个人都喜欢它。)
He made such great progress that his teacher praised him.(他取得了如此大的进步,以至于他的老师表扬了他。)
It was such a long journey that we were all tired.(这是如此长的一次旅程,以至于我们都很累。)
She wore such beautiful clothes that she attracted a lot of attention.(她穿了如此漂亮的衣服,以至于她吸引了很多注意力。)
He gave such a wonderful speech that everyone was moved.(他发表了如此精彩的演讲,以至于每个人都被感动了。)
It was such a boring movie that I fell asleep.(这是一部如此无聊的电影,以至于我睡着了。)