副词:特点、作用、分类
英语副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词类。
一、副词特点
1. 描述方式、程度、时间、地点等:
方式副词:如“quickly”(快速地)、“carefully”(仔细地)、“happily”(快乐地)等,描述动作进行的方式。
程度副词:像“very”(非常)、“quite”(相当)、“extremely”(极其)等,表示程度的强弱。
时间副词:例如“now”(现在)、“soon”(不久)、“yesterday”(昨天)等,明确动作发生的时间。
地点副词:“here”(这里)、“there”(那里)、“everywhere”(到处)等,指出动作发生的地点。
2. 可变性较强:许多副词有比较级和最高级形式
“fast”(快)—“faster”(更快)—“fastest”(最快);
“well”(好)—“better”(更好)—“best”(最好)。
3. 位置灵活:在句子中的位置相对灵活,可以放在句首、句中或句末。
“Fortunately, he passed the exam.”(幸运的是,他通过了考试。)这里“Fortunately”放在句首;
“He speaks English very well.”(他英语说得非常好。)“very”在句中修饰副词“well”;
“He arrived late.”(他迟到了。)“late”在句末。
二、副词作用
1. 修饰动词:表示动作的方式、程度、时间、频率等。
“quickly”(快速地):He runs quickly.(他跑得很快。)
“carefully”(仔细地):She does her homework carefully.(她认真地做家庭作业。)
“often”(经常):I often go to the park.(我经常去公园。)
2. 修饰形容词:增强或减弱形容词所表达的程度。
“very”(非常):The book is very interesting.(这本书非常有趣。)
“a little”(一点儿):The room is a little small.(这个房间有点儿小。)
3. 修饰其他副词:进一步说明其他副词的程度、方式等。
“quite”(相当):He speaks quite slowly.(他说话相当慢。)
“extremely”(极其):She is extremely beautiful.(她极其美丽。)
4. 表示时间、地点、频率等概念:明确动作发生的时间、地点或频率。
“now”(现在):I am reading now.(我现在正在读书。)
“there”(那里):He is standing there.(他站在那里。)
“always”(总是):She always comes to school on time.(她总是按时到校。)
5. 连接句子:起到连接句子、表达逻辑关系的作用。
“however”(然而):He is very tired. However, he still needs to finish his work.(他很疲惫。然而,他仍然需要完成工作。)
“therefore”(因此):It is raining. Therefore, we can't go out.(正在下雨。因此,我们不能出去。)
部分副词的音标和例句
1. “quickly” [ˈkwɪkli]:He runs quickly.(他跑得很快。)
2. “slowly” [ˈsləʊli]:She walks slowly.(她走得很慢。)
3. “carefully” [ˈkeəfəli]:He does his homework carefully.(他认真地做家庭作业。)
4. “carelessly” [ˈkeələsli]:She writes carelessly.(她写得很粗心。)
5. “happily” [ˈhæpɪli]:They play happily.(他们快乐地玩耍。)
6. “sadly” [ˈsædli]:She cries sadly.(她伤心地哭了。)
7. “angrily” [ˈæŋɡrəli]:He shouts angrily.(他生气地大喊。)
8. “calmly” [ˈkɑːmli]:She speaks calmly.(她平静地说话。)
9. “loudly” [ˈlaʊdli]:He laughs loudly.(他大声地笑。)
10. “quietly” [ˈkwaɪətli]:They sit quietly.(他们安静地坐着。)
11. “very” [ˈveri]:This book is very interesting.(这本书非常有趣。)
12. “quite” [kwaɪt]:The movie is quite good.(这部电影相当好。)
13. “extremely” [ɪkˈstriːmli]:He is extremely busy.(他极其忙碌。)
14. “rather” [ˈræðə(r)]:The weather is rather cold.(天气相当冷。)
15. “a little” [ə ˈlɪtl]:I am a little tired.(我有点儿累。)
16. “a bit” [ə bɪt]:This shirt is a bit small.(这件衬衫有点儿小。)
17. “much” [mʌtʃ]:He is much taller than me.(他比我高得多。)
18. “far” [fɑː(r)]:She is far more beautiful than I thought.(她比我想象的要漂亮得多。)
19. “slightly” [ˈslaɪtli]:The water is slightly warm.(水有点温。)
20. “enough” [ɪˈnʌf]:He is old enough to go to school.(他足够大可以上学了。)
21. “now” [naʊ]:I am reading now.(我现在正在读书。)
22. “then” [ðen]:I was happy then.(那时我很开心。)
23. “soon” [suːn]:I will come back soon.(我不久就会回来。)
24. “later” [ˈleɪtə(r)]:I will do it later.(我稍后会做这件事。)
25. “today” [təˈdeɪ]:I will go shopping today.(我今天要去购物。)
26. “yesterday” [ˈjestədeɪ]:I met him yesterday.(我昨天遇见了他。)
27. “tomorrow” [təˈmɒrəʊ]:I will go to the park tomorrow.(我明天要去公园。)
28. “recently” [ˈriːsntli]:I have been very busy recently.(我最近很忙。)
29. “lately” [ˈleɪtli]:She has been feeling tired lately.(她近来一直觉得很累。)
30. “always” [ˈɔːlweɪz]:He always gets up early.(他总是很早起床。)
31. “usually” [ˈjuːʒuəli]:I usually go to school by bike.(我通常骑自行车去上学。)
32. “often” [ˈɒfn]:She often reads books in the evening.(她经常在晚上读书。)
33. “sometimes” [ˈsʌmtaɪmz]:I sometimes go to the movies.(我有时去看电影。)
34. “seldom” [ˈseldəm]:He seldom eats junk food.(他很少吃垃圾食品。)
35. “never” [ˈnevə(r)]:I never smoke.(我从不吸烟。)
36. “here” [hɪə(r)]:Come here.(到这里来。)
37. “there” [ðeə(r)]:He is standing there.(他站在那里。)
38. “home” [həʊm]:I go home after school.(放学后我回家。)
39. “school” [skuːl]:I go to school by bus.(我乘公交车去学校。)
40. “work” [wɜːk]:He goes to work early.(他很早就去上班。)
41. “upstairs” [ˌʌpˈsteəz]:He is upstairs.(他在楼上。)
42. “downstairs” [ˌdaʊnˈsteəz]:The kitchen is downstairs.(厨房在楼下。)
43. “somewhere” [ˈsʌmweə(r)]:I lost my key somewhere.(我把钥匙丢在某个地方了。)
44. “anywhere” [ˈeniweə(r)]:You can find it anywhere.(你可以在任何地方找到它。)
45. “nowhere” [ˈnəʊweə(r)]:He is nowhere to be found.(哪里都找不到他。)
46. “however” [haʊˈevə(r)]:He is very tired. However, he still needs to finish his work.(他很疲惫。然而,他仍然需要完成工作。)
47. “therefore” [ˈðeəfɔː(r)]:It is raining. Therefore, we can't go out.(正在下雨。因此,我们不能出去。)
48. “nevertheless” [ˌnevəðəˈles]:The task is difficult. Nevertheless, we must try our best.(任务很艰巨。尽管如此,我们必须尽力而为。)
49. “besides” [bɪˈsaɪdz]:I like apples. Besides, I also like oranges.(我喜欢苹果。此外,我也喜欢橙子。)
50. “moreover” [mɔːrˈəʊvə(r)]:He is intelligent. Moreover, he is hardworking.(他很聪明。此外,他还很勤奋。)
这只是一小部分副词的示例,如果你需要更多副词,可以通过查阅词典或语法书籍来进一步学习。
三、副词分类
1. 时间副词:表示时间的副词,除了上面提到的,还有“today”(今天)、“tomorrow”(明天)、“always”(总是)、“never”(从不)等。
2. 地点副词:除了常见的那些,还有“indoors”(在室内)、“outdoors”(在户外)、“upstairs”(在楼上)、“downstairs”(在楼下)等。
3. 方式副词:“slowly”(慢慢地)、“loudly”(大声地)、“quietly”(安静地)等。
4. 程度副词:“almost”(几乎)、“nearly”(将近)、“hardly”(几乎不)等。
5. 频率副词:“often”(经常)、“seldom”(很少)、“sometimes”(有时)等。
四、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则
1. 一般情况下,直接在副词后面加 -er 构成比较级,加 -est 构成最高级。
例如:fast(快地)—faster(更快地)—fastest(最快地);hard(努力地)—harder(更努力地)—hardest(最努力地)。
2. 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的副词,先把 y 变为 i,再加 -er 构成比较级,加 -est 构成最高级。
例如:early(早地)—earlier(更早地)—earliest(最早地)。
3. 多音节和部分双音节副词,在前面加 more 构成比较级,加 most 构成最高级。
例如:quickly(快速地)—more quickly(更快速地)—most quickly(最快速地);slowly(缓慢地)—more slowly(更缓慢地)—most slowly(最缓慢地)。
五、不规则副词的比较级和最高级列表
1. well(好地)—better(更好地)—best(最好地)
2. badly(坏地)—worse(更坏地)—worst(最坏地)
3. much(多地)—more(更多地)—most(最多地)
4. little(少地)—less(更少地)—least(最少地)
5. far(远地)—farther/further(更远地)—farthest/furthest(最远地)。其中,farther/farthest 主要指距离上的远;further/furthest 还可指程度上更进一步。
6. late(迟地)—later(更迟地)—latest(最迟地);late(晚地、后期地)—latter(后者的)—last(最后的)。注意,这里的 latter 和 last 并不是典型的副词比较级和最高级形式,但在一些语境中有类似的逻辑关系。
副词与时态的关系
副词在不同时态中都起着重要的作用:
一、一般现在时
在一般现在时中,频率副词如“always”(总是)、“usually”(通常)、“often”(经常)、“sometimes”(有时)、“seldom”(很少)、“never”(从不)等常用来表示动作发生的频率。
例如:“She often goes to the park.”(她经常去公园。)这里的“often”说明了去公园这个动作在现在的一段时间内发生的频率。
时间副词“now”(现在)、“today”(今天)等可以明确动作发生的时间是当下。
例如:“I am reading a book now.”(我现在正在读一本书。)
二、一般过去时
时间副词“yesterday”(昨天)、“last week”(上周)、“ago”(……以前)等常出现在一般过去时的句子中,用来表明动作发生在过去的某个特定时间。
例如:“I went to the cinema yesterday.”(我昨天去了电影院。)
方式副词可以描述过去发生的动作的方式。
例如:“He carefully wrote the letter last night.”(他昨晚认真地写了那封信。)
三、一般将来时
时间副词“tomorrow”(明天)、“next week”(下周)、“soon”(不久)等用于一般将来时,表示动作将在未来的某个时间发生。
例如:“I will visit my grandparents next week.”(我下周将去看望我的祖父母。)
程度副词可以强调将来动作的程度。
例如:“I will definitely finish the work on time.”(我肯定会按时完成工作。)这里的“definitely”(肯定地)加强了完成工作的程度和决心。
四、现在进行时
现在进行时中,一些副词可以增强动作正在进行的状态。
例如:“He is busily working in the office.”(他正在办公室忙碌地工作。)“busily”(忙碌地)突出了工作正在进行的紧张状态。
时间副词“now”“at present”(目前)等强调动作正在当下发生。
例如:“They are playing basketball now.”(他们现在正在打篮球。)
五、过去进行时
时间副词“at that time”(在那时)、“then”(那时)等常出现在过去进行时的句子中,表明动作在过去某个特定时间正在进行。
例如:“She was reading a book at that time.”(那时她正在读一本书。)
方式副词可以描述过去正在进行的动作的方式。
例如:“They were quietly waiting for the bus.”(他们当时正在安静地等公交车。)
六、将来进行时
时间副词“at this time tomorrow”(明天这个时候)等用于将来进行时,表示在未来某个特定时间正在进行的动作。
例如:“I will be studying at this time tomorrow.”(明天这个时候我将正在学习。)
程度副词可以强调将来正在进行的动作的程度。
例如:“He will be extremely busy working on the project at that time.”(那时他将非常忙碌地进行那个项目。)
以下是20道副词中考真题(答案):
一、单项选择
1. —Do you often go fishing with your father?
—No, ________. I don't like fishing at all.
A. always B. usually C. never D. often
2. The boy can speak English ________ well.
A. very B. quite C. too D. so
3. We should listen to the teacher ________ in class.
A. carefully B. care C. careful D. careless
4. She sings ________ beautifully that everyone loves her songs.
A. such B. so C. very D. too
5. —Does he run fast?
—Yes, he runs ________.
A. fastly B. quick C. quickly D. fast
6. Please drive ________. It's very dangerous to drive fast.
A. slowly B. slow C. quick D. quickly
7. I'm ________ happy to see you again.
A. real B. really C. true D. truly
8. He works ________ hard and he is always the first to come to school.
A. very B. quite C. extremely D. rather
9. She did the work ________ carefully and made few mistakes.
A. extremely B. very C. quite D. rather
10. —How often do you exercise?
—________. I try to exercise every day.
A. Always B. Sometimes C. Seldom D. Never
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
11. She plays the piano ________ (beautiful).
12. He speaks English ________ (fluent).
13. They walked ________ (slow) in the park.
14. The wind is blowing ________ (strong).
15. She smiled ________ (sweet) at me.
16. He runs ________ (fast) than his brother.
17. The teacher explained the problem ________ (clearly).
18. We should study ________ (hard).
19. It's raining ________ (heavy).
20. She dances ________ (gracefully) than her sister.
答案:
一、单项选择
1. C,2. A,3. A,4. B,5. D,6. A,7. B,8. C,9. A,10. A
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
11. beautifully,12. fluently,13. slowly,14. strongly,15. sweetly,
16. faster,17. clearly,18. hard,19. heavily,20. more gracefully