时态横向比较：四种（完成）时态的相同点与不同点
英语中的四种完成时态包括现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时。
一、现在完成时
1. 构成：have/has + 过去分词。
- 当主语是第三人称单数时，用 has；其他情况用 have。
- 例如：I have visited Beijing.（我去过北京。） She has finished her homework.（她已经完成了作业。）
2. 用法：
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 例如：I have lost my key.（我把钥匙丢了。说明现在找不到钥匙了。）
- 表示过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
- 例如：I have lived here for five years.（我在这里住了五年了。）
二、过去完成时
1. 构成：had + 过去分词。
- 例如：I had finished my work before he came.（在他来之前我已经完成了工作。）
2. 用法：
- 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。
- 例如：By the end of last year, I had learned 2000 English words.（到去年年底，我已经学了 2000 个英语单词。）
- 用于间接引语中，表示过去的过去。
- 例如：She said she had seen the movie before.（她说她以前看过这部电影。）
三、将来完成时
1. 构成：will have + 过去分词。
- 例如：I will have finished this book by next week.（到下周我将读完这本书。）
2. 用法：
- 表示在将来某一时刻之前将会完成的动作。
- 例如：By the time you come back, I will have cleaned the house.（等你回来的时候，我将已经打扫完房子了。）
四、过去将来完成时
1. 构成：would have + 过去分词。
- 例如：He said he would have finished the work by the end of that week.（他说在那个周末之前他会完成工作。）
2. 用法：
- 从过去某一时刻看将来某一时刻之前会完成的动作，常出现在宾语从句中。
- 例如：I thought I would have graduated by then.（我原以为到那时我已经毕业了。）
四种完成时态的语法基础题：
1. I __________ my homework already.
A. have finished
B. had finished
C. will have finished
D. would have finished
2. By the end of last month, he __________ three books.
A. had read
B. has read
C. will have read
D. would have read
3. She __________ the report by tomorrow.
A. will have completed
B. has completed
C. had completed
D. would have completed
4. They __________ working on this project for a month.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
5. I __________ to Beijing twice this year.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
6. By the time we arrive, they __________ waiting for an hour.
A. will have been
B. have been
C. had been
D. would have been
7. She __________ her degree by the end of next year.
A. will have earned
B. has earned
C. had earned
D. would have earned
8. We __________ this movie before.
A. have seen
B. had seen
C. will have seen
D. would have seen
9. He __________ all the preparations by tomorrow evening.
A. will have made
B. has made
C. had made
D. would have made
10. They __________ in this city for five years.
A. have lived
B. had lived
C. will have lived
D. would have lived
11. I __________ this book when I was in high school.
A. had read
B. have read
C. will have read
D. would have read
12. By next week, she __________ her driving lessons.
A. will have completed
B. has completed
C. had completed
D. would have completed
13. We __________ to that restaurant many times.
A. have gone
B. had gone
C. will have gone
D. would have gone
14. He __________ all his exams by the end of this semester.
A. will have passed
B. has passed
C. had passed
D. would have passed
15. They __________ working on this task for two days.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
16. I __________ to that country before.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
17. By the end of this month, we __________ this project.
A. will have finished
B. have finished
C. had finished
D. would have finished
18. She __________ her novel by next month.
A. will have written
B. has written
C. had written
D. would have written
19. We __________ this museum several times.
A. have visited
B. had visited
C. will have visited
D. would have visited
20. He __________ all the preparations by the time the guests arrive.
A. will have made
B. has made
C. had made
D. would have made
21. They __________ in this house for ten years.
A. have lived
B. had lived
C. will have lived
D. would have lived
22. I __________ this movie last week.
A. had watched
B. have watched
C. will have watched
D. would have watched
23. By the end of next year, she __________ a promotion.
A. will have got
B. has got
C. had got
D. would have got
24. We __________ to that concert twice.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
25. He __________ all his homework by nine o'clock.
A. will have done
B. has done
C. had done
D. would have done
26. They __________ working on this problem for an hour.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
27. I __________ to that city many times.
A. have gone
B. had gone
C. will have gone
D. would have gone
28. By the end of this week, she __________ her presentation.
A. will have prepared
B. has prepared
C. had prepared
D. would have prepared
29. We __________ this book before it became popular.
A. had read
B. have read
C. will have read
D. would have read
30. He __________ all his savings by the end of the year.
A. will have spent
B. has spent
C. had spent
D. would have spent
31. They __________ in this company for three years.
A. have worked
B. had worked
C. will have worked
D. would have worked
32. I __________ this article when I saw your question.
A. had read
B. have read
C. will have read
D. would have read
33. By next month, she __________ her training.
A. will have completed
B. has completed
C. had completed
D. would have completed
34. We __________ to that place several times.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
35. He __________ all his tasks by tomorrow afternoon.
A. will have finished
B. has finished
C. had finished
D. would have finished
36. They __________ working on this project for a week.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
37. I __________ to that country once before.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
38. By the end of next week, she __________ her report.
A. will have written
B. has written
C. had written
D. would have written
39. We __________ this museum before it was renovated.
A. had visited
B. have visited
C. will have visited
D. would have visited
40. He __________ all his preparations by the time the event starts.
A. will have made
B. has made
C. had made
D. would have made
41. They __________ in this town for two years.
A. have lived
B. had lived
C. will have lived
D. would have lived
42. I __________ this book when it was first published.
A. had read
B. have read
C. will have read
D. would have read
43. By the end of this year, she __________ a degree in engineering.
A. will have earned
B. has earned
C. had earned
D. would have earned
44. We __________ to that concert at least three times.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
45. He __________ all his work by five o'clock.
A. will have done
B. has done
C. had done
D. would have done
46. They __________ working on this problem for two days.
A. have been
B. had been
C. will have been
D. would have been
47. I __________ to that city many times in my dreams.
A. have gone
B. had gone
C. will have gone
D. would have gone
48. By the end of next month, she __________ her novel.
A. will have finished
B. has finished
C. had finished
D. would have finished
49. We __________ this park many times.
A. have visited
B. had visited
C. will have visited
D. would have visited
50. He __________ all his savings on a new car.
A. will have spent
B. has spent
C. had spent
D. would have spent
答案：1. A；2. A；3. A；4. A；5. A；6. A；7. A；8. A；9. A；10. A；11. A；12. A；13. A；14. A；15. A；16. A；17. A；18. A；19. A；20. A；21. A；22. A；23. A；24. A；25. A；26. A；27. A；28. A；29. A；30. A；31. A；32. A；33. A；34. A；35. A；36. A；37. A；38. A；39. A；40. A；41. A；42. A；43. A；44. A；45. A；46. A；47. A；48. A；49. A；50. A。
