非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词

一. 非谓语动词的定义

非谓语动词是指在句子中不能单独作谓语,但仍具有动词的某些特征(如可以带宾语、状语等)的动词形式。它们在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语等成分,能使句子结构更加丰富多样。

二. 非谓语动词的种类

(1)不定式(to + 动词原形)

例如: To see is to believe.(眼见为实。) 中的 To see 是不定式作主语, to believe 是不定式作表语。它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。

(2)动名词(动词 - ing形式)

Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。) 里的 Swimming 是动名词作主语,它既有动词的特点(可以带宾语,如 Swimming in the pool(在游泳池里游泳) ),又有名词的功能。

(3)分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)

    (a)现在分词(动词 - ing形式):例如在句子 The running dog is very cute.(正在跑的狗非常可爱。) 中, running 是现在分词作定语,它表示主动和进行的动作。

    (b)过去分词(通常是动词 - ed形式,也有不规则形式):如 The broken window needs to be repaired.(坏掉的窗户需要修理。) 中的 broken 是过去分词作定语,它往往表示被动或完成的动作。

三. 非谓语动词的功能及用法

1、不定式

(1)作主语:通常用形式主语 it 来代替不定式放在句首,而将真正的主语(不定式)后置,以避免句子头重脚轻。

例如: It's important to learn English well.(学好英语很重要。) 

(2)作宾语:有些及物动词(如want、hope、decide、refuse等)后常接不定式作宾语。

例如: I want to go home.(我想回家。) 

(3)作表语:用于说明主语的具体内容或目的等。

例如: His dream is to become a famous singer.(他的梦想是成为一名著名歌手。) 

(4)作定语:一般放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,多表示将要发生的动作。

例如: I have a lot of work to do.(我有许多工作要做。) 

(5)作状语:可以表示目的、原因、结果等。

例如: He got up early to catch the first bus.(他早起是为了赶上第一班公共汽车。)(目的状语) 

2、动名词

(1)作主语:直接放在句首作主语,表示抽象的、一般性的动作。

例如: Reading books can broaden our horizons.(读书可以拓宽我们的视野。) 

(2)作宾语:可以作某些动词(如enjoy、finish、avoid、mind等)的宾语。

例如: She enjoys dancing.(她喜欢跳舞。) 也可作介词的宾语,如 Thank you for helping me.(感谢你帮助我。) 

(3)作表语:用于说明主语的内容是一种行为或活动。

例如: Her hobby is painting.(她的爱好是绘画。) 

(4)作定语:表明被修饰词的用途等。

例如: a swimming pool(一个游泳池) 

3、分词 - 现在分词

(1)作定语:

单个现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前;现在分词短语作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之后,并且与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,表示正在进行的动作。例如: The sleeping baby is so cute.(正在睡觉的婴儿非常可爱。) 

(2)作状语:

可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等。例如: Walking in the street, I met an old friend.(我在街上走的时候,遇见了一个老朋友。)(时间状语) 

4、分词 - 过去分词

(1)作定语:单个过去分词作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之前;过去分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰词之后,和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,表示被动或完成的动作。例如: The damaged car was repaired.(受损的汽车被修理了。) 

(2)作状语:也可表示时间、原因、条件、让步等。例如: Given more time, I can do it better.(如果给我更多的时间,我可以做得更好。)(条件状语) 

例子:

1. 不定式作主语

To learn a new language is a challenging task.(学习一门新语言是一项具有挑战性的任务。)

To succeed in business requires hard work and determination.(在商业上取得成功需要努力和决心。)

To help others is a virtue.(帮助他人是一种美德。)

To tell the truth is always the best policy.(说实话总是最好的策略。)

To exercise regularly is beneficial to health.(经常锻炼对健康有益。)

To travel around the world is many people's dream.(环游世界是许多人的梦想。)

To see the sunrise from the top of the mountain is a wonderful experience.(从山顶看日出是一次美妙的经历。)

To make friends with different people broadens our minds.(和不同的人交朋友可以拓宽我们的思维。)

To keep a positive attitude is important in difficult times.(在困难时期保持积极的态度很重要。)

To master a skill needs a lot of practice.(掌握一项技能需要大量的练习。)

2. 不定式作宾语

I hope to see you again soon.(我希望很快再见到你。)

She wants to buy a new dress.(她想买一条新裙子。)

He decided to study abroad.(他决定出国留学。)

They refused to accept the offer.(他们拒绝接受这个提议。)

We plan to have a party this weekend.(我们计划这个周末举办一个聚会。)

He promised to help me with my homework.(他答应帮我做作业。)

She pretended to be happy.(她假装很开心。)

I need to take a rest.(我需要休息一下。)

He wishes to become a famous athlete.(他希望成为一名著名的运动员。)

They tried to solve the problem by themselves.(他们试图自己解决这个问题。)

3. 不定式作表语

My goal is to graduate with honors.(我的目标是以优异的成绩毕业。)

Her intention is to make a good impression.(她的意图是留下一个好印象。)

The best way to relax is to listen to music.(放松的最好方式是听音乐。)

His dream is to own a big company.(他的梦想是拥有一家大公司。)

Our task is to clean the classroom.(我们的任务是打扫教室。)

The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the new project.(会议的目的是讨论这个新项目。)

Her plan is to visit her grandparents during the vacation.(她的计划是在假期去看望她的祖父母。)

The key to success is to work hard and never give up.(成功的关键是努力工作并且永不放弃。)

His wish is to see his favorite singer in person.(他的愿望是亲自见到他最喜欢的歌手。)

The main aim of this activity is to raise awareness of environmental protection.(这个活动的主要目的是提高环保意识。)

4. 不定式作定语

I have a lot of books to read.(我有许多书要读。)

She has an important meeting to attend.(她有一个重要的会议要参加。)

He has a difficult problem to solve.(他有一个难题要解决。)

They found a nice place to live.(他们找到了一个好地方居住。)

We have some guests to welcome.(我们有一些客人要欢迎。)

She bought a present to give to her mother.(她买了一个礼物要送给她妈妈。)

He got a chance to show his talent.(他得到了一个展示他才华的机会。)

The company has a project to complete.(公司有一个项目要完成。)

I need a pen to write with.(我需要一支笔来写字。)

She has a story to tell us.(她有一个故事要告诉我们。)

5. 不定式作状语(目的状语)

He got up early to catch the first bus.(他早起是为了赶上第一班公共汽车。)

She went to the library to borrow some books.(她去图书馆是为了借一些书。)

They worked hard to earn more money.(他们努力工作是为了挣更多的钱。)

He practiced a lot to improve his skills.(他大量练习是为了提高他的技能。)

She saved money to buy a new house.(她存钱是为了买一所新房子。)

They came here to attend the concert.(他们来这里是为了参加音乐会。)

He ran fast to get to school on time.(他跑得很快是为了准时到校。)

She studied hard to pass the exam.(她努力学习是为了通过考试。)

They climbed the mountain to enjoy the view.(他们爬山是为了欣赏风景。)

He joined the club to make more friends.(他加入俱乐部是为了交更多的朋友。)

6. 动名词作主语

Reading enriches our knowledge.(阅读丰富我们的知识。)

Writing can improve our thinking ability.(写作可以提高我们的思维能力。)

Swimming is a good way to keep fit.(游泳是保持健康的好方法。)

Dancing makes people feel happy.(跳舞让人感到快乐。)

Singing in the choir is a wonderful experience.(在合唱团唱歌是一次很棒的体验。)

Cooking for the family is a kind of enjoyment.(为家人做饭是一种享受。)

Shopping online has become very popular.(网上购物已经变得非常流行。)

Traveling broadens our horizons.(旅行拓宽我们的视野。)

Learning a musical instrument takes a lot of time and patience.(学习一种乐器需要大量的时间和耐心。)

Working with a team can improve our cooperation skills.(和团队一起工作可以提高我们的合作技能。)

7. 动名词作宾语

I enjoy listening to music.(我喜欢听音乐。)

She loves dancing.(她热爱跳舞。)

He hates waiting.(他讨厌等待。)

They finished reading the book.(他们读完了这本书。)

We avoid making mistakes.(我们避免犯错误。)

She keeps practicing every day.(她每天坚持练习。)

He can't stand shouting.(他不能忍受大喊大叫。)

They considered moving to a new city.(他们考虑搬到一个新城市。)

I don't mind helping you.(我不介意帮助你。)

She is good at painting.(她擅长绘画。)

8. 动名词作表语

Her hobby is collecting stamps.(她的爱好是集邮。)

His job is teaching English.(他的工作是教英语。)

My favorite pastime is watching movies.(我最喜欢的消遣是看电影。)

The most important thing is believing in yourself.(最重要的是相信自己。)

Her dream is becoming a famous actress.(她的梦想是成为一名著名女演员。)

The key to happiness is loving what you do.(幸福的关键是热爱你所做的事情。)

His weakness is smoking too much.(他的弱点是抽烟太多。)

The best way to relax is taking a walk in the park.(放松的最好方式是在公园里散步。)

Her passion is designing clothes.(她的热情在于设计衣服。)

The purpose of this club is promoting cultural exchanges.(这个俱乐部的目的是促进文化交流。)

9. 动名词作定语

A swimming pool is a place for people to swim.(游泳池是人们游泳的地方。)

A reading room is a quiet place for reading.(阅览室是一个安静的阅读场所。)

A dancing hall is a place for dancing.(舞厅是跳舞的地方。)

A sleeping bag is used for sleeping outdoors.(睡袋是用于户外睡觉的。)

A writing desk is a desk for writing.(写字台是用于写字的桌子。)

A running track is a track for running.(跑道是用于跑步的跑道。)

A cooking pot is a pot for cooking.(烹饪锅是用于烹饪的锅。)

A fishing boat is a boat for fishing.(渔船是用于捕鱼的船。)

A singing competition is a competition for singing.(歌唱比赛是用于唱歌比赛的。)

A washing machine is a machine for washing clothes.(洗衣机是用于洗衣服的机器。)

10. 现在分词作定语(前置)

A smiling face always makes people feel welcome.(一张笑脸总是让人感觉受到欢迎。)

The running water in the river sounds pleasant.(河里流动的水听起来很悦耳。)

The shining sun gives us warmth.(闪耀的太阳给我们温暖。)

A flying bird caught my attention.(一只飞翔的鸟引起了我的注意。)

The barking dog scared the children.(正在叫的狗吓到了孩子们。)

The crying baby needs to be comforted.(正在哭的婴儿需要被安慰。)

A burning candle is very romantic.(一支燃烧的蜡烛很浪漫。)

The growing plants need more water.(正在生长的植物需要更多的水。)

The dancing girl is very graceful.(正在跳舞的女孩非常优雅。)

The working people are the most beautiful.(正在工作的人们是最美丽的。)

11. 现在分词作定语(后置)

The man standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的男人是我的老师。)

The book lying on the table is very interesting.(放在桌子上的书非常有趣。)

The children playing in the park are very happy.(在公园里玩耍的孩子们非常快乐。)

The car running on the road is very fast.(在路上行驶的汽车速度很快。)

The woman singing on the stage has a beautiful voice.(在舞台上唱歌的女人嗓音很美。)

The students discussing the problem are very active.(正在讨论问题的学生们很活跃。)

The dog chasing the cat is very energetic.(正在追猫的狗精力充沛。)

The leaves falling from the tree look like butterflies.(从树上落下的叶子看起来像蝴蝶。)

The people waiting for the bus seem a little impatient.(等公共汽车的人们看起来有点不耐烦。)

The machines working in the factory are very noisy.(在工厂里运转的机器非常吵。)

12. 现在分词作状语(时间状语)

Entering the room, I saw a strange sight.(进入房间时,我看到了一个奇怪的景象。)

Hearing the news, she burst into tears.(听到这个消息,她突然哭了起来。)

Looking out of the window, he noticed a beautiful rainbow.(往窗外看时,他注意到了一道美丽的彩虹。)

Walking in the street, I met an old friend.(走在街上的时候,我遇到了一个老朋友。)

Reading the book, she was deeply moved.(读这本书的时候,她被深深地感动了。)

Watching the movie, they couldn't help laughing.(看电影的时候,他们忍不住笑了。)

Working in the garden, he found a small coin.(在花园里干活的时候,他发现了一枚小硬币。)

Driving to work, she listened to the radio.(开车去上班的时候,她听着收音机。)

Typing the report, he realized he had made a mistake.(打报告的时候,他意识到自己犯了一个错误。)

Singing a song, the children were full of joy.(唱歌的时候,孩子们充满了喜悦。)

13. 过去分词作定语(前置)

A broken window needs to be repaired.(一扇破窗户需要修理。)

The written letter is very important.(写好的信很重要。)

A lost key can cause a lot of trouble.(一把丢失的钥匙会引起很多麻烦。)

The used book is much cheaper.(用过的书便宜得多。)

A fallen leaf is a symbol of autumn.(一片落叶是秋天的象征。)

The damaged car was towed away.(受损的汽车被拖走了。)

A cooked meal is waiting for you.(一顿做好的饭在等你。)

The painted wall looks very beautiful.(粉刷过的墙看起来很漂亮。)

A closed door means you can't get in.(一扇关闭的门意味着你进不去。)

The forgotten memory suddenly came back.(被遗忘的记忆突然回来了。)

14. 过去分词作定语(后置)

The house built last year is very modern.(去年建造的房子非常现代。)

The book recommended by my teacher is very educational.(我的老师推荐的书很有教育意义。)

The toys made in China are very popular.(中国制造的玩具非常受欢迎。)

The man injured in the accident was sent to the hospital immediately.(在事故中受伤的人被立即送往医院。)

The documents signed by the boss are very important.(老板签署的文件非常重要。)

The students selected for the competition are very excellent.(被选去参加比赛的学生非常优秀。)

The products sold in this store are of high quality.(在这家商店出售的产品质量很高。)

The pictures taken on the trip are very beautiful.(在旅行中拍摄的照片非常漂亮。)

The trees planted by the volunteers are growing well.(志愿者种的树长得很好。)

The story told by my grandmother is very interesting.(我奶奶讲的故事很有趣。)

15. 过去分词作状语(原因状语)

Tired after a long day's work, he went straight to bed.(经过一整天的工作后很累,他直接上床睡觉了。)

Surprised by the news, she couldn't say a word.(被这个消息震惊了,她一句话也说不出来。)

Frightened by the thunder, the dog hid under the table.(被雷声吓到了,狗躲在桌子下面。)

Moved by the movie, the audience burst into applause.(被电影感动了,观众爆发出掌声。)

Disappointed with the result, he left without a word.(对结果失望,他一言不发地离开了。)

Encouraged by his teacher, he worked even harder.(受到老师的鼓励,他工作得更努力了。)

Confused by the question, he didn't know how to answer.(被这个问题弄糊涂了,他不知道如何回答。)

Shocked by the accident, the witnesses were in a daze.(被事故震惊了,目击者们都发呆了。)

Satisfied with the performance, the director praised the actors.(对表演满意,导演表扬了演员们。)

Injured in the sports meeting, he had to withdraw from the competition.(在运动会中受伤,他不得不退出比赛。)

英语基础

非谓语动词:不定式、动名词、分词