代词:关系代词(who/whom/whose/that)

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词。英语中的关系代词主要有:who(指人,主格)、whom(指人,宾格)、whose(指人或物,所有格)、that(指人或物)、which(指物)。

一、用法

1. 关系代词在定语从句中充当一定的成分,如主语、宾语、定语等。

例如:The man who is standing there is my teacher.(站在那里的那个人是我的老师。)“who”在从句中作主语。

I know the girl whom you met yesterday.(我认识你昨天见到的那个女孩。)“whom”在从句中作宾语。

This is the book whose cover is red.(这是那本封面是红色的书。)“whose”在从句中作定语。

The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(我昨天买的那本书很有趣。)“that”在从句中作宾语。

The house which is near the river is mine.(河边的那座房子是我的。)“which”在从句中作主语。

2. 关系代词的选择取决于先行词(被定语从句修饰的名词或代词)以及在从句中的作用。

当先行词是人时,可以用 who、whom、that;当先行词是物时,可以用 which、that。

例如:The man who/that is talking to her is my brother.(正在和她说话的那个人是我的哥哥。)

The book which/that I read yesterday is very good.(我昨天读的那本书非常好。)

二、特殊用法

1. 在一些情况下,只能用 that 而不能用 which/who。

先行词是不定代词 all、everything、nothing、something 等时。

例如:All that he said is true.(他所说的一切都是真的。)

先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或 the only、the very 等修饰时。

例如:This is the first book that I bought.(这是我买的第一本书。)

He is the most careful student that I have ever taught.(他是我教过的最细心的学生。)

2. whose 既可以指人也可以指物,表示所属关系。

例如:The man whose car was stolen called the police.(那个车被偷的人报了警。)

I live in a house whose windows face south.(我住在一座窗户朝南的房子里。)

扩展:定语从句

定语从句是由关系代词关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句中的某个名词或代词。

一、结构

定语从句一般由先行词(被修饰的名词或代词)、关系词(关系代词或关系副词)和从句组成。

例如:The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.(“The book”是先行词,“that”是关系代词,“I bought yesterday”是从句。)

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

1. who:用于指人,在从句中作主语或宾语。

例如:The man who is standing there is my teacher.(“who”在从句中作主语。)

I know the girl who/whom you met yesterday.(“who”在从句中作宾语,也可用“whom”,但在口语中常被“who”代替。)

2. whom:用于指人,在从句中作宾语。

例如:The man whom she loves is a doctor.(“whom”在从句中作宾语。)

3. whose:用于指人或物,在从句中作定语,表示所属关系。

例如:The man whose car was stolen called the police.(“whose”修饰“man”,表示“那个人的”。)

I live in a house whose windows face south.(“whose”修饰“house”,表示“那座房子的”。)

4. that:可用于指人或物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

例如:The book that I bought is very useful.(“that”在从句中作宾语,指“book”。)

The man that is speaking is my father.(“that”在从句中作主语,指“man”。)

5. which:用于指物,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。

例如:The book which is on the table is mine.(“which”在从句中作主语,指“book”。)

I like the movie which we watched yesterday.(“which”在从句中作宾语,指“movie”。)

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when:用于表示时间的先行词之后,在从句中作时间状语。

例如:I still remember the day when we first met.(“when”在从句中表示“在那一天”。)

2. where:用于表示地点的先行词之后,在从句中作地点状语。

例如:This is the place where we had a picnic.(“where”在从句中表示“在那个地方”。)

3. why:用于表示原因的先行词之后,在从句中作原因状语。

例如:I know the reason why he is late.(“why”在从句中表示“因为那个原因”。)

四、定语从句的注意事项

1. 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。

例如:The book (that/which) I bought yesterday is very interesting.

2. 先行词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。

例如:He is one of the students who are never late.(先行词“students”是复数,从句谓语动词用“are”。)

He is the only one of the students who is never late.(先行词被“the only one”修饰,强调“唯一的一个”,先行词是单数,从句谓语动词用“is”。)

3. 定语从句要紧跟在先行词之后,但有时会被一些成分隔开,这种情况被称为分隔定语从句。

例如:The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.(“which I bought yesterday”是定语从句,被逗号和主句隔开,修饰先行词“book”。)

英语基础

代词:关系代词(who/whom/whose/that)